Administrator - Free Articles Submission Directory - InformationBible http://www.informationbible.com/profile-1/administrator INFORMATIONBIBLE Administrator Account. How wasps catch crickets http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-wasps-catch-crickets-183459.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Crickets dig their burrows with the openings towards the Sun but carefully concealed in the grass. How some sea fish use their poison http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-some-sea-fish-use-their-poison-183452.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT There are certain fish which present serious dangers even to man because of their strength and ferocity. The shark is an obvious example, but among the most dangerous are the poisonous fish which use their venom in a number of ways. How the prehistoric winged lizards flew http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-the-prehistoric-winged-lizards-flew-183422.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Perhaps we shall never know why reptiles should suddenly try to fly at a certain time in the history of the Earth. How beehives are organized http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-beehives-are-organized-183387.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT A large beehive can contain up to 80,000 bees but there is never any danger that such a vast number of insects will lead to confusion or chaos. How the bee eater makes its strange nest http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-the-bee-eater-makes-its-strange-nest-183437.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The nests of bee-eaters are strange constructions, like those of the fishing martin. The bee-eater uses its long beak to dig out deep tunnels on the steep banks of rivers. How remoras can follow sharks http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-remoras-can-follow-sharks-183373.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The remora, or shark-sucker, has always excited the wonder and curiosity of seafarers. This fish has a flat, oval disc on top of its head which it uses to fasten itself .firmly to flat surfaces. This habit has earned the remora a certain reputation in legends. How animals are classified http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-animals-are-classified-183374.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT In zoos the popular names of the animals on display are written on a label in front of their cages. How the ocean sunfish made http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-the-ocean-sunfish-made-183375.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The ocean sunfish was known in ancient times but the first fishermen who caught these animals thought they were mutilated. How the condor became a symbol of freedom http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-the-condor-became-a-symbol-of-freedom-183377.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT There is an old tradition among the Indians of Lake Titicaca that dates back to the Spanish conquest of South America. It concerns the fight between a condor and a bull. How turtles swim http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-turtles-swim-183381.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT It seems impossible that tortoises that move in such a slow, cumbersome manner should have relatives that swim fast through the ocean. Turtles, which very closely resemble tortoises, are sometimes as quick as fish in moving through the water, despite their heavy shell. How the salmon passes waterfalls http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-the-salmon-passes-waterfalls-183382.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The salmon lives near the coastline in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in the northern hemisphere. In the month of June it leaves the ocean and swims up the river to the place where it was born. The salmon looks for fresh water with plenty of oxygen in it. How the earthworm digs its tunnels http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-the-earthworm-digs-its-tunnels-183383.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Earthworms cannot stand dry conditions in the soil: their bodies must always be in contact with damp earth and even a few minutes’ exposure to the sunlight makes them dry up and die. How the buffalo defends itself from insect bites and stings http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-the-buffalo-defends-itself-from-insect-bites-and-stings-183386.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The buffalo likes to make its home in marshy places where it loves to roll in the mud and stay there for hours at a time; How the gardener bird builds its nest http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-the-gardener-bird-builds-its-nest-183390.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Little is known about the peculiar habits of the gardener-bird which has a marked liking for colorful objects and for what seems to be gardening. How the ancestor of the horse developed http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-the-ancestor-of-the-horse-developed-183395.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The illustrations on this page show the various stages in the evolution of the horse. How penguins hatch their eggs http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-penguins-hatch-their-eggs-183398.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT During the mating season penguins gather together by the tens of thousands along the coasts of Antarctica. The female penguins lay one or two eggs which they place in a hollow in the ground. How the praying mantis tricks its victims http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-the-praying-mantis-tricks-its-victims-183399.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The mantis can often be mistaken for a grasshopper but more careful observation will reveal that this creature is very different from that harmless insect. How animals further the advance of science http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-animals-further-the-advance-of-science-183401.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT To establish how effective a drug is it must be tested carefully and accurately and its effect on a living organism meticulously studied and noted. This is the task of pharmacology, a science which has made tremendous advances in less than a century. How plankton is formed in the sea http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-plankton-is-formed-in-the-sea-183402.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The surface of the seas and oceans is inhabited by hundreds of millions of tiny animals that are almost invisible to the naked eye. How the ant eater feeds http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-the-ant-eater-feeds-183408.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The body of the ant-eater is covered in long hair that prevents ants from reaching its skin. For this reason it has no cause to fear insect bites when it tears the homes of ants apart with its strong claws. How the squirrel flies http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-the-squirrel-flies-183411.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The American flying squirrel is one of the most unusual and beautiful of these animals. It is a nocturnal creature with large eyes, and feeds mainly on berries, seeds, nuts and insects. How bees produce wax and honey http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-bees-produce-wax-and-honey-183413.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The wax produced by bees is used in making honeycombs consisting of six-sided cells into each of which the queen bee lays an egg that will eventually give birth to an insect. How the queen bee lives in her hive http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-the-queen-bee-lives-in-her-hive-183419.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The queen bee is an extremely fertile animal. This insect is no more than 2 centimetres long but lays an average of 2,500 eggs a day at the rate of two eggs every minute. How the female hornbill is imprisoned while she hatches the eggs http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-the-female-hornbill-is-imprisoned-while-she-hatches-the-eggs-183427.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Like the toucan, the hornbill has an extremely large beak, but the two birds must not be confused. The hornbill’s beak is different because it continues above the bird’s head to form a sort of knob that looks like a helmet. How the lobster carries its eggs http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-the-lobster-carries-its-eggs-183430.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Lobsters live along rocky coastlines of the Mediterranean and north Atlantic. They are crustaceans and related to shrimps, prawns and crabs. How walruses use their tusks http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-walruses-use-their-tusks-183434.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The tusks of a walrus can grow to a length of almost 70 centimetres and are much sought after by ivory hunters. How spiders use their venom http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-spiders-use-their-venom-183439.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT There are about 40,000 species of spiders and nearly all of them have poison glands. Fortunately, in most cases the venom is very weak and has little or no effect on man. How the cuttlefish swims http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-the-cuttlefish-swims-183443.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Cuttlefish swim slowly along the sea bed, delicately exploring the sands with their two writhing tentacles which they use to catch their victims. How a snail sees http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-a-snail-sees-183446.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The common snail is not a large animal but its ancestors were among the first living creatures on the Earth. One of the features of this mollusc is the set of four horns that protrude from its head rather like a set of periscopes. How snakes poison works http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-snakes-poison-works-183449.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The real masters of venom are snakes. Man has come to know them ever since he first appeared on the Earth and has learned to hate and fear them. It is a hatred and fear that takes in all slithering crawling creatures, even if they are quite harmless. How the giraffe obtains its food http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-the-giraffe-obtains-its-food-183457.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The most striking feature of the giraffe is its very long neck which gives this animal a lofty view of the world around it. How gnus behave when danger is near http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-gnus-behave-when-danger-is-near-183463.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Gnus are mammals that live mostly in central and southern Africa, grazing on the grasses and low scrub of the open plains. At one time there were many herds of them. How the sociable weaver builds its nest http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-the-sociable-weaver-builds-its-nest-183467.html Mon, 02 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The sociable weaver of southwestern Africa gets its name from building giant communal nests together with other birds of its species. Name the specific evidence an auditor will require in respect of machinery and equipment and others http://www.informationbible.com/article-name-the-specific-evidence-an-auditor-will-require-in-respect-of-machinery-and--equipment-and-others-176603.html Thu, 15 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT NAME THE SPECIFIC EVIDENCE AN AUDITOR WILL REQUIRE IN RESPECT OF: (a) MACHINERY and EQUIPMENT (b) INVOICES RECEIVED FROM SUPPLIERS (c) ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE (d) CONTINGENT LIABILITIES (e) DEPRECIATION (f) CASH SALES. Various difficulties faced by the auditor while collecting evidences http://www.informationbible.com/article-various-difficulties-faced-by-the-auditor-while-collecting-evidences-176597.html Thu, 15 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT The auditor is going to base his considered opining with regard to the fairness of the financial statements on the basis of the various Audit Evidences collected by him the course of audit examination. Collection of evidences is going to be a difficult job. List the various international auditing standards http://www.informationbible.com/article-list-the-various-international-auditing-standards-176749.html Thu, 15 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT International standards are referred to Auditing Standards (AS). Significant content and requirements of auditing standards issued to date are set out below Generally accepted auditing standards http://www.informationbible.com/article-generally-accepted-auditing-standards-176746.html Thu, 15 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT The committee on auditing procedure of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, in Generally-Accepted Accounting Standards has set forth the following standards. (1) General Standards. (2) Standards of Field Work. (3) Standard of Reporting. Common law of evidence in auditing http://www.informationbible.com/article-common-law-of-evidence-in-auditing-176594.html Thu, 15 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT There are certain practices, which are generally accepted and followed in the performance of audit examination. They are as follows: - 1. Adequate evidence to satisfy a reasonable, competent auditor. 2. Conclusion based on test and samples. 3. Variation of the extent of tests in conformity with... Auditors attitude in collecting auditing evidence http://www.informationbible.com/article-auditors-attitude-in-collecting-auditing-evidence-176585.html Thu, 15 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT In collecting evidences, the auditor should maintain the proper frame of mind towards the information he obtains. He must refrain from coming to hasty conclusions and must not permit personal relations with members of the company’s staff. Various principles of auditing http://www.informationbible.com/article-various-principles-of-auditing-176624.html Thu, 15 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT PRINCIPLES OF AUDITING: 1. INTEGRITY 2. OBJECTIVITY 3. INDEPENDENCE 4. CONFIDENTIALITY 5. SKILL 6. COMPETENCE 7. WORK PERFORMED BY OTHERS 8. PLANNING 9. DOCUMENTATION 10. AUDIT EVIDENCE 11. ACCOUNTING SYSTEM 12. INTERNAL CONTROL 13. AUDIT CONCLUSION 14. REPORTING 15. DISCLOSURE and Others. International auditing standards http://www.informationbible.com/article-international-auditing-standards-176614.html Thu, 15 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT International auditing standards following are: 1. OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE AUDIT OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2. AUDIT ENGAGEMENT LETTERS 3. BASIC PRINCIPLE GOVERNING AN AUDIT 4. PLANNING 5. USING THE WORK OF AN OTHER AUDITOR 6. STUDIES AND EVALUATION OF ACCOUNTING SYSTEM and OTHERs. What is mean by auditing evidence http://www.informationbible.com/article-what-is-mean-by-auditing-evidence-176581.html Thu, 15 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT Any document, piece of information, voucher written or oral statement of any procedure which assists an auditor in forming his opinion in regard to the accuracy of data under audit. Importance objectives and procedure of auditing evidence http://www.informationbible.com/article-importance-objectives-and-procedure-of-auditing-evidence-176582.html Thu, 15 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT Importance objectives and procedure of auditing evidence - While accepting the appointment, an auditor accepts to discharge certain legal obligations and responsibilities. Types of audit evidence http://www.informationbible.com/article-types-of-audit-evidence-176589.html Thu, 15 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT TYPES OF EVIDENCE: 1. INTERNAL CONTROL, 2. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE, 3. DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE, 4. LEDGERS and JOURNALS, 5. COMPARISONS and RATIOS, 6. COMPUTATIONS / CALCULATION AS EVIDENCE and 7. ORAL EVIDENCE / FORMAL STATEMENTS BY COMPANY OFFICERS. Evolution of type of evidence http://www.informationbible.com/article-evolution-of-type-of-evidence-176590.html Thu, 15 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT An auditor must always have in mind the relative strength of different types of evidences and attempt to get the best evidence in the circumstances. Following two factors may determine an auditor from holding out for the best evidence in every case: Differentiate between audit evidence and basic audit technique http://www.informationbible.com/article-differentiate-between-audit-evidence-and-basic-audit-technique-176595.html Thu, 15 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT An auditor is employed to make an examination of financial statements or other financial data and it give expert opinion as to the fairness with which the financial statements or other representations are presented and reflect the actualities of the situation they are intended to portray. Various auditing procedures and techniques to be used by an auditor to obtain various information http://www.informationbible.com/article-various-auditing-procedures-and-techniques-to-be-used-by-an-auditor-to-obtain-various-information-176606.html Thu, 15 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT he procedures themselves are not evidence. The most widely used procedures in performing tests of transactions and balances are: 1. INSPECTING 2. OBSERVING 3. CONFIRMING 4. INQUIRING 5. RETRACING 6. RECALCULATING 7. VOUCHING 8. COUNTING and 9. SCANNING. Audit standards http://www.informationbible.com/article-audit-standards-176611.html Thu, 15 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT A standard is quality of work, which can be used to measure the performance of auditors. The audit staff can follow the stated principle and practice in the conduct of an audit. The business world is ever changing. Audit techniques http://www.informationbible.com/article-audit-techniques-176628.html Thu, 15 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT AUDIT TECHNIQUES: 1. INSPECTION 2. OBSERVATION 3. INQUIRY 4. CONFIRMATION 5. COMPUTATION 6. SAMPLING 7. COMPLIANCE TEST 8. SUBSTANTIVE TEST 9. ANALYTICAL REVIEW 10. COMPUTER ASSISTED AUDIT 11. RELIANCE ON AUDITORS and 12. RELIANCE ON EXPERTS. Two specific audit techniques and its relevant in the verification http://www.informationbible.com/article-two-specific-audit-techniques-and-its-relevant-in-the-verification-176724.html Thu, 15 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT NAME ONLY TWO SPECIFIC AUDIT TECHNIQUES AND ITS RELEVANT IN THE VERIFICATION OF THE FOLLOWING: (i) BANK BALANCES (ii) ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE (iii) ALLOWANCE FOR BAD DEBTS (iv) MERCHANDISE INVENTORY (v) LOOSE TOOLS. (vi) ALLOWANCE FOR DEPRECIATION (vii) INVESTMENT. Functions of audit http://www.informationbible.com/article-functions-of-audit-176735.html Thu, 15 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT Functions of audit: 1. ACCOUNTING SYSTEM 2. INTERNAL CONTROL 3. VOUCHING 4. ARITHMATICAL ACCURACY 5. CAPITALS AND REVENUE 6. VERIFICATION AS ASSETS 7. VERIFICATION OF LIABILITIES 8. VALUATION OF ASSETS 9. VALUATION OF LIABILITIES 10. LEGAL REQUIREMENTS and 11. REPORTING. Role of auditing in the business http://www.informationbible.com/article-role-of-auditing-in-the-business-176738.html Thu, 15 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT The auditors play role in the audit of accounts. It is a search of the work done by management. The audit is an accountability of managers. The auditors can protect the rights of shareholders who are away from the business. 1he report can show progress. Distinguish between auditing standard and auditing procedures http://www.informationbible.com/article-distinguish-between-auditing-standard-and-auditing-procedures-176742.html Thu, 15 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT An auditing standard is a measurement of performance set up by professional authority and consent. A standard is a measuring device of applied procedures resulting in general acceptability of the result of the performance. Role of corporate law authority in pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-role-of-corporate-law-authority-in-pakistan-176754.html Thu, 15 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT The Authority means corporate law authority constituted under Section 11 of Company’s Ordinance 1984, Section 2 (3)-rule 3(b). Importance and scope of study of economic geography http://www.informationbible.com/article-importance-and-scope-of-study-of-economic-geography-176033.html Wed, 14 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT A study of economic activities is, in fact, a study of man in relation to resources. We may consider the earth as the abode of Man and its resources are his legacy. Introduction of economic geography http://www.informationbible.com/article-introduction-of-economic-geography-176020.html Wed, 14 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT The word geography comes to Greek words: “Geo” (means the earth) and “graphy” (means description or writing). Geography is therefore “the study of the earths landscapes which include both the natural and cultural landscapes. Human economic activity http://www.informationbible.com/article-human-economic-activity-176037.html Wed, 14 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT Every human effort or activity for livelihood purpose is called human Economic activity. Economic geography http://www.informationbible.com/article-economic-geography-176025.html Wed, 14 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT Economic Geography is the study of man and his economic activities under varying sets of conditions. In fact different authorities have defined economic geography in a variety of ways but their opinions converge at a common point of accord, where it means... Primary economic activities http://www.informationbible.com/article-primary-economic-activities-176041.html Wed, 14 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT Primary activities are those that harvest or extract something from the earth. They are at the beginning of the production cycle, where humans are in closest contact with the resources and potentialities of the environment. Secondary economic activities http://www.informationbible.com/article-secondary-economic-activities-176045.html Wed, 14 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT Secondary production increases the value or usefulness of a material by changing its form. Such activity include manufacturing and commercial agriculture. Tertiary economic activities http://www.informationbible.com/article-tertiary-economic-activities-176047.html Wed, 14 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT Tertiary economic activities involves the service sector rather than tangible goods. It consist of those business and labor specializations that provide services to the primary and secondary sectors, to general community, and to the individual. Categories of economic activity http://www.informationbible.com/article-categories-of-economic-activity-176063.html Wed, 14 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT The preceding categories of production and service activities or industries help us to see an underlying structure to the nearly infinite variety of things people do to earn a living and sustain themselves. Quaternary economic activities http://www.informationbible.com/article-quaternary-economic-activities-176052.html Wed, 14 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT Quaternary services represent a special type of service work, focusing on professional and administrative services, including financial and health service work, working in education, government management, information processing and research. Quinary economic activities http://www.informationbible.com/article-quinary-economic-activities-176056.html Wed, 14 Mar 2012 13:00:00 GMT The final grouping, quinary activities, remains more restricted in size incomparasion to other groups of activities. The most visible persons in this group include chief executive officers and top — management executives in both government and private service. Trade buying and selling in business http://www.informationbible.com/article-trade-buying-and-selling-in-business-147663.html Tue, 20 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Trade has a pivotal role in business. Trade refers to buying and selling. It also covers imports, exports, retailing, wholesaling, and brokerage. Scope of business http://www.informationbible.com/article-scope-of-business-147655.html Tue, 20 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT The scope and range of commerce can be determined from the fact that it includes production, marketing, banking, finance, transporting, warehousing, insurance, and information. These factors or elements of commerce are discussed in the lines to follow. Finance http://www.informationbible.com/article-finance-147463.html Tue, 20 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Finance refers to money resources, income, capital, loans, and retained earnings. It also refers to managing monetary resources. Marketing functions http://www.informationbible.com/article-marketing-functions-147488.html Tue, 20 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Marketing covers all business activities necessary to affect the transfer in the ownership of goods and services to provide for their distribution. Business and objections http://www.informationbible.com/article-business-and-objections-147654.html Tue, 20 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT The practice of business has been controversial over a long time. Around 2500 years back Plato did not favor business. Insurance risk in business http://www.informationbible.com/article-insurance-risk-in-business-147662.html Tue, 20 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Risk is inherent to business. Business risks include theft, fire, sinking of the ship, change in prices, government policies, and restrictions, strikes, lockouts, change in fashion, inventions, changing taste of consumers, drop in sales. Banking and finance http://www.informationbible.com/article-banking-and-finance-147656.html Tue, 20 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Banking and finance are part and parcel of commerce. By performing this service, commerce is able to finance the needs of the business firms. Through banking producers and middlemen get the needed funds. Banking caters to the financial needs of business. Storing and ware housing in business http://www.informationbible.com/article-storing-and-ware-housing-in-business-147659.html Tue, 20 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Without storing commercial functions cannot be imagined. Goods must be stored before they are sold. It is needed at once after production. It refers to holding the goods when they are produced until they are consumed. Qualities of good businessman http://www.informationbible.com/article-qualities-of-good-businessman-147666.html Tue, 20 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT The businessman must possess the following qualities which are minimum requirements for the success of his business. Importance of business http://www.informationbible.com/article-importance-of-business-147665.html Tue, 20 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Importance of Business are:- Production of Goods, Distributing Good, Satisfying Consumer Needs, Success of Invention and Innovations, Success of Industrial Revolution, Success of Industrial Revolution, Standard of Living and Wealth, Employmen, Growth of Higher Education and Change in Status. Transportation in business http://www.informationbible.com/article-transportation-in-business-147657.html Tue, 20 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Transporting is so an important activity that no business can be performed without it. Transporting starts immediately after production. It refers to moving goods from the point of production to the point of consumption. Business http://www.informationbible.com/article-business-147445.html Tue, 20 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT HUGHES and KAPOOR define business in two ways: A. Business is the organized effort of individuals to produce and sell, for a profit, the goods and services that satisfy societys needs. B. A business is a particular organization. Kinds of industries or types of industries http://www.informationbible.com/article-kinds-of-industries-or-types-of-industries-147499.html Tue, 20 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Industry may be classified as follows: - I. By Size Industries may be heavy or light. II. By Production Process. Commerce http://www.informationbible.com/article-commerce-147456.html Tue, 20 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Business and commerce though two different words, have identical meaning and concept and can be used alternatively. Americans prefer to use the term business, while Britishers like to employ the word commerce, but in the same meaning. Insurance http://www.informationbible.com/article-insurance-147469.html Tue, 20 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Insurance is the means of protecting business from possible losses/risks. Some risks like fall in prices, change in fashion, and death of a key employee are uninsurable: Other risks like fire, theft, life etc. are insurable. Industry http://www.informationbible.com/article-industry-147494.html Tue, 20 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT An industry is a commercial undertaking that provides services as catering, hotel, tourist, entertainment, etc. Industry has also been defined as all those business and economic activities which result in the creation of goods and services. Problems for correct profit http://www.informationbible.com/article-problems-for-correct-profit-145150.html Wed, 14 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT PROBLEMS FOR CORRECT PROFIT:- 1. STOCK VALUATION, 2. INTANGIBLE ASSET VALUATION, 3. FIXED ASSET VALUATION, 4. LIABILITIES VALUATION, 5. CAPITAL and REVENUE ALLOCATION, 6. TAXES, 7. PROVISION, 8. RESERVES and 9. DEFRAYING EXPENSES. Interim dividend http://www.informationbible.com/article-interim-dividend-145172.html Wed, 14 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT The word interim means in the meantime. Dividend paid during the year is called interim dividend. The company management can pay dividend to shareholders during the year in order to develop the confidence of members. Importance of correct profit http://www.informationbible.com/article-importance-of-correct-profit-145142.html Wed, 14 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT IMPORTANCE OF CORRECT PROFIT: - 1. TRUE DISCLOSURE, 2. CONSISTENCY, 3. FOLLOW LAW, 4. PROTECT CREDITORS, 5. CORRECT VALUATION, 6. STABLE SHARE PRICES, 7. MANAGER REMUNERATION, 8. NO UNDUE FAVOR and 9. NO DIVIDEND OUT OF ANTICIPATED PROFIT. How secret reserve is created http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-secret-reserve-is-created-145182.html Wed, 14 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT How secret reserve is created:- 1. UNDER VALUATION OF FIXED ASSETS, 2. ELIMINATING FIXED ASSETS, 3. UNDER VALUATION OF CURRENT ASSETS, 4. EXCESS PROVISION FOR BAD DEBTS, 5. CHARGING CAPITAL EXPENDITURE TO REVENUE, 6. OVERSTATING LIABILITIES, 7. GROUPING DISSIMILAR ITEMS and ETC. Sinking fund http://www.informationbible.com/article-sinking-fund-145197.html Wed, 14 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT The part of profit may be set every for a certain number of years to repay a debt or replacement of an asset. The debt may include loan. There may be debentures outstanding. Duties of an auditors in determining divisible profit http://www.informationbible.com/article-duties-of-an-auditors-in-determining-divisible-profit-145169.html Wed, 14 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT DUTIES OF AN AUDITORS IN DETERMINING DIVISIBLE PROFIT: - 1. REASONABLE PROFIT, 2. COMPANY RULES, 3. DIRECTORS DECISIONS, 4. DIVIDEND WARRANT, 5. DIVIDEND ACCOUNT, 6. STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT, 7. UNCLAIMED DIVIDEND, 8. DIVIDEND RATE, 9. RECONCILIATION, 10. TAXES ON DIVIDEND and ETC. Reserves http://www.informationbible.com/article-reserves-145204.html Wed, 14 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT A reserve is a part of profit set aside for many purpose in the years to come. As per articles of association the directors have the powers to create reserves. The profit and loss appropriation is debited for the amount. Auditors duty in sinking fund appropriation http://www.informationbible.com/article-auditors-duty-in-sinking-fund-appropriation-145201.html Wed, 14 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT auditors duty in sinking fund appropriation: - 1. COMPANY LAW, 2. ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION, 3. DEBENTURE DEED, 4. BALANCE SHEET and 5. PURPOSE. Capital profits http://www.informationbible.com/article-capital-profits-145241.html Wed, 14 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Those profits, which are not earned during the course of business, are called capital profits or non-trading profits. Auditors duty in determining interim dividend http://www.informationbible.com/article-auditors-duty-in-determining-interim-dividend-145177.html Wed, 14 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Auditors duty in determining interim dividend: - 1. INTERIM ACCOUNTS, 2. FUTURE LOSSES, 3. EXPECTED LOSSES, 4. CASH NEEDS, 5. OLD PRACTICE, 6. SHAREHOLDERS DEMANDS, 7. LEGAL RESERVE, 8. COMPANY RULES and 9. LESS RATE. Principle of divisible profits http://www.informationbible.com/article-principle-of-divisible-profits-145155.html Wed, 14 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT PRINCIPLE OF DIVISIBLE PROFITS: - 1. ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION, 2. COMPANIES ORDINANCE, 3. ACCOUNTANCY PRINCIPLE, 4. LEGAL DECISION, 5. CAPITAL MAINTENANCE, 6. SHAREHOLDERS APPROVAL, 7. DIRECTORS PROPOSAL, 8. CAPITAL PROFIT, 9. CAPITAL LOSS, 10. DEPRECIATION, 11. PAST LOSSES and ETC. Dividend http://www.informationbible.com/article-dividend-145160.html Wed, 14 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT A dividend is a share of profit of a company. The shareholders make investment in shares. The return on investment in share is called dividend. Proper determination of profit http://www.informationbible.com/article-proper-determination-of-profit-145235.html Wed, 14 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Profit determination is very important for the various parties. If profits are not determined properly, these affect the following parties adversely: -Shareholder, Proprietor, Managers, Income tax department, Directors (if they are paid on the percentage of profit.) Dangers or disadvantages or demerits of secret reserves http://www.informationbible.com/article-dangers-or-disadvantages-or-demerits-of-secret-reserves-145192.html Wed, 14 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Dangers or disadvantages or demerits of secret reserves: - 1. NO TRUE FAIR VIEW, 2. LOW PROFIT FOR SHAREHOLDERS, 3. SPECULATION IN SHARES, 4. FINANCIAL CRISIS, 5. MISUSE OF ASSETS, 6. LOW SHARE VALUE, 7. NOT PROBLEMS, 8. LOAN PROBLEMS, 9. MANAGEMENT WEAKNESS, 10. DIFFICULT TO SELL BUSINESS and ETC. Differences between reserve and provision http://www.informationbible.com/article-differences-between-reserve-and-provision-145230.html Wed, 14 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RESERVE AND PROVISION: - Creation, Amount, Reason, Position, Charge and Position in balance sheet. Declaration of dividends http://www.informationbible.com/article-declaration-of-dividends-145167.html Wed, 14 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT DECLARATION OF DIVIDENDS: - 1. PRESENT CASH REQUIREMENT, 2. FUTURE CASH NEEDS, 3. SAME RATE, 4. NOT WHOLE PROFIT, 5. INDUSTRY RATE, 6. REASONABLE DEPRECIATION, 7. LEGAL FORMALITIES, 8. CREDITORS INTEREST, 9. MINORITY RIGHTS, 10. CONSISTENCY, 11. CONSERVATISM, 12. CAPITL UNCHANGED and ETC. Secret reserves http://www.informationbible.com/article-secret-reserves-145180.html Wed, 14 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT A secret reserve is a reserve that is created but not started in the balance sheet. There are various ways secret reserves. The banks, insurance companies and other financial institution want to win public confidence for their successful working. Advantages of secret reserves http://www.informationbible.com/article-advantages-of-secret-reserves-145187.html Wed, 14 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Advantages of secret reserves: - 1. INCREASE WORKING CAPITAL, 2. DIVIDEND EQUALIZATION, 3. FACE COMPETITION, 4. KEEP RIVALS AWAY, 5. MEET FINANCIAL EXISTS, 6. WIN PUBLIC CONFIDENCE and 7. LOW PROFIT YEARS. Kinds of sinking fund or types of sinking fund http://www.informationbible.com/article-kinds-of-sinking-fund-or-types-of-sinking-fund-145200.html Wed, 14 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Types of sinking fund: - 1. LOAN REPAYMENTS, 2. DEBENTURE RESEMPTION, 3. LEASE RENEWAL, 4. WORKING ASSET REPLACEMENT and 5. DEPRECIATING ASSET REPLACEMENT. Kinds of reserves or types of reserves http://www.informationbible.com/article-kinds-of-reserves-or-types-of-reserves-145209.html Wed, 14 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Kinds of reserves are:- A. REVENUE RESERVE and B. CAPITAL RESERVE. Concept of profit and introduction divisible profits http://www.informationbible.com/article-concept-of-profit-and-introduction-divisible-profits-145119.html Wed, 14 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Like the term ‘value’ in economics accountants have used the word. ‘Profit’ for many years without assigning a definite meaning to it. Those profits are term as the divisible profit, which is legally distributed to the shareholders of a company as dividend. Objects of investigation http://www.informationbible.com/article-objects-of-investigation-144890.html Tue, 13 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Following are the objects of investigation: - 1. DETECTION OF CONCEALED INCOME 2. PURCHASE OF BUSINESS 3. CREDIT PURPOSE 4. ADMISSION OF A NEW PARTNER 5. PURCHASE OF SHARES 6. DOUBT OF FRAUD 7. BUSINESS REMOVAL 8. CASE OF MISAPPROPRIATION 9. AUDITORS NEGLIGENCE 10. DETECTION OF FRAUD and etc. Draft a clean audit report http://www.informationbible.com/article-draft-a-clean-audit-report-144870.html Tue, 13 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT We have examined the balance sheet of Mehran Ltd, as at 31st December 2005 and the related profit and loss. Account for the statement of changes in financial position for the year then ended together with the notes thereon. Investigation of behalf of the incoming partner http://www.informationbible.com/article-investigation-of-behalf-of-the-incoming-partner-144894.html Tue, 13 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT When the investigator makes and investigation he should pay proper attention to the following points: - 1. VALUE OF BUSINESS 2. REASON OF ADMISSION 3. TERMS OF ADMISSION 4. FINANCIAL POSITION 5. MARKET STANDING 6. RATE OF RETURN 7. FUTURE PROSPECTUS 8. VALUATION 9. CONTINGENT LIABILITIES and ETC. Difference between audit and investigation http://www.informationbible.com/article-difference-between-audit-and-investigation-144878.html Tue, 13 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Following are the important distinctive features in both the terms: - PURPOSE, RECORD, OWNERS, CHECKING, TIME, QUALIFICATION, EMPLOYEES, COMPULSORY, SEQUENCE, DISCLOSURE, PRINCIPLES, ACCOUNTS, ADJUSTMENT, EVIDENCE, CONTENTS, REGULAR, RECOMMENDATION, SUSPICION and REPORT. Process of investigation techinque http://www.informationbible.com/article-process-of-investigation-techinque-144891.html Tue, 13 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT PROCESS OF INVESTIGATION TECHINQUE:- 1. INSTRUCTIONS 2. PURPOSE 3. PERIOD 4. STAFF 5. BUSINESS INFORMATION 6. COLLECT DATA 7. REPORT OUTLINE 8. ANALYSIS OF DATA 9. DRAW CONCLUSIONS 10. PREPARE REPORT 11. DISCUSS REPORT 12. TYPING 13. SUBMISSION and FOLLOW-UP. Auditor should keep in mind while auditing the accounts of a hotel http://www.informationbible.com/article-auditor-should-keep-in-mind-while-auditing-the-accounts-of-a-hotel-144924.html Tue, 13 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT The auditor in the case of hotel must consider following points: - Various types of investigation and kinds of investigation http://www.informationbible.com/article-various-types-of-investigation-and-kinds-of-investigation-144885.html Tue, 13 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Following are the important kinds of investigation: - A. STATUTORY, and B. VOLUNTARY. Auditor should keep in mind while auditing the textile mill http://www.informationbible.com/article-auditor-should-keep-in-mind-while-auditing-the-textile-mill-144923.html Tue, 13 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Auditor should give special attention to the following points while auditing the Textile Mill. Sample of qualified audit report http://www.informationbible.com/article-sample-of-qualified-audit-report-144860.html Tue, 13 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT We have examined the profit and loss accounts and the annexed balanced sheet of Gulistan Group of Companies for the year ended June 30, 2005 and report that. Criminal liabilities of an auditor http://www.informationbible.com/article-criminal-liabilities-of-an-auditor-144598.html Tue, 13 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Since for certain purpose of the companies Act, and auditor is deemed to be an officer of the company, he is a liable for such. Act of omission or commission constituting offence under the Act. Civil liabilities of an auditor http://www.informationbible.com/article-civil-liabilities-of-an-auditor-144595.html Tue, 13 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Civil liabilities arise when there are dispute between two parities for a loss caused to one due to the act of another. In this case, the auditor is called upon to pay damages as decided by the court. Clean or unqualified report discusses http://www.informationbible.com/article-clean-or-unqualified-report-discusses-144643.html Tue, 13 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT clean or unqualified report discusses: - 1. PROPER BOOKS 2. PROPER STATEMENTS 3. AGREE WITH BOOKS 4. COMPANIES ORDINANCE 5. FULL INFORMATION 6. SAME ACOUNTING POLICIES 7. PROPER ACCOUNTING METHODS 8. FULL DISCLOSURE 9. ACCESS TO BOOKS 10. EXPENDITURE INCURRED 11. BUSINESS CONDUCTED and etc. Meaning of auditors report http://www.informationbible.com/article-meaning-of-auditors-report-144608.html Tue, 13 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Auditor’s report is the expert’s opinion expressed by the auditor as to the fairness of financial statements”. Auditor should keep in mind while examining the accounts of a sugar mills http://www.informationbible.com/article-auditor-should-keep-in-mind-while-examining-the-accounts-of-a-sugar-mills-144901.html Tue, 13 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Auditor should give special attention to the following points while auditing the Textile Mill. Qualified audit reports http://www.informationbible.com/article-qualified-audit-reports-144654.html Tue, 13 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT A qualified opinion is given when the auditor fells the he cannot issue an unqualified opinion. The effect of disagreement or limitation on scope is not so material as to require an adverse opinion or a disclaimer of opinion. Auditors duties in respect of statutory report http://www.informationbible.com/article-auditors-duties-in-respect-of-statutory-report-144667.html Tue, 13 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT AUDITOR’S DUTIES IN RESPECT OF STATUTORY REPORT: - 1. STATUTORY REPORT 2. STUDY OF LEGAL DOCUMENTS 3. CHECKING OF SHARES 4. CHECKING OF CASH IN HAND, and CASH AT BANK 5. VERIFY THE CAPITAL ReCeipts PAYMENT 6. CHECKING OF COMMISSION 7. VERIFY THE BORROWING POWER and etc. Investigation on behalf of money lender http://www.informationbible.com/article-investigation-on-behalf-of-money-lender-144896.html Tue, 13 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Generally banks require complete and detailed information about the borrowers. The lender of money wants complete satisfaction of repayment. So investigation is made on the behalf of the lender. Investigator should pay special attention to the following points. Draft a qualified audit report http://www.informationbible.com/article-draft-a-qualified-audit-report-144866.html Tue, 13 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT We have examined the balance sheet of M /S. Habib Ghee LIMITED as at December 31,2011 and the related Profit and loss Account and the Statement of changes in financial position for the year then ended together with notes thereto and we state that. Statutory audit report http://www.informationbible.com/article-statutory-audit-report-144635.html Tue, 13 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT The statutory report is issued by every public company limited by share and limited by guarantee having share capital. Such companies can hold statutory meeting after 3 month but before 6 months from the date of commencement of business. Essentials of audit report http://www.informationbible.com/article-essentials-of-audit-report-144618.html Tue, 13 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT ESSENTIALS OF AUDIT REPORT: - 1. TITLE 2. ADDRESSEE 3. IDENTIFICATION 4. REFERENCE TO AUDITING STANDARDS 5. OPINION 6. SIGNATURE 7. AUDITOR’S ADDRESS and 8. DATE OF REPORT. Other liabilities of an auditor http://www.informationbible.com/article-other-liabilities-of-an-auditor-144602.html Tue, 13 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Following two other liabilities of an auditor:- 1. HONORARY AUDIT 2. JOINT AUDIT. Kinds of audit reports and types of audit reports http://www.informationbible.com/article-kinds-of-audit-reports-and-types-of-audit-reports-144627.html Tue, 13 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Types of audit reports are:- 1. STATUTORY REPORT 2. REPORT FOR PROSPECTUS 3. SOLVENCY REPORT 4. FINAL REPORT 5. PARTIAL REPORT 6. INTERIM REPORT 7. UNQUALIFIED OR CLEAN REPORT 8. QUALIFIED REPORT 9. MANAGEMENT AUDIT 10. INTERNAL REPORT 11. REPORT ON PROSPECTIVE STATEMENTS and etc. Sample of unqualified audit report http://www.informationbible.com/article-sample-of-unqualified-audit-report-144859.html Tue, 13 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT We have examined the balance sheet of Gulistan Company Ltd, Karachi as at December 31,2005 and the profit and loss account and the statement of changes in financial position for the year ended, on that date. Distinguish between qualified and unqualified report http://www.informationbible.com/article-distinguish-between-qualified-and-unqualified-report-144614.html Tue, 13 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT In other words unqualified report is that report in which auditor give his opinion that he is fully satisfied with books of accounts and their is no any objectionable point in them is called unqualified or clean report. Following are the main contents of unqualified report according the companies... Duties of court cases of an auditor http://www.informationbible.com/article-duties-of-court-cases-of-an-auditor-144209.html Mon, 12 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Following are the important, Duties of court cases of an auditor: - 1.ACCURACY OF ACCOUNT 2.VERIFICATION OF ASSETS 3.COMPLETE REPORT 4.KNOWLEDGE OF LAW 5.REASONABLE CARE 6.SECRECY 7.NO DOUBT 8.DEPEND ON CERTIFICATES 9.ADVICE 10.OUTSIDERS DUTY 11.ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION and etc. Duties under professional etiquette of an auditor http://www.informationbible.com/article-duties-under-professional-etiquette-of-an-auditor-144199.html Mon, 12 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Following are the important, duties under professional etiquette of an auditor:- 1. ETHICS FOLLOWED 2. STANDARDS APPLICATION 3. ACCEPTANCE OF APPOINTMENT. Auditors lien on accounting books http://www.informationbible.com/article-auditors-lien-on-accounting-books-144170.html Mon, 12 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT The auditor can examine the book of accounts for the purpose of auditor under the terms of appointment. The book of accounts are maintained by the accountant at head office of the company such book remain open for inspection to the shareholder and general public. Personal qualities of an auditor http://www.informationbible.com/article-personal-qualities-of-an-auditor-144251.html Mon, 12 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Following are the personal qualities of an auditor: - 1.INDEPENDENCE 2. VIGILANCE 3. JUDGEMENT 4. COMMON SENSE 5. PRUDENCE 6. PRACTICAL 7. SELF CONTROL 8. INITIATIVE 9. LEADERSHIP 10. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE and 11. ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING. Qualification of an auditor of a limited company http://www.informationbible.com/article-qualification-of-an-auditor-of-a-limited-company-144078.html Mon, 12 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT A person shall not be qualified for appointment as auditor of a company unless he is a chartered accountant within the meaning of the chartered accountant act 1949. Essential qualities of an auditor http://www.informationbible.com/article-essential-qualities-of-an-auditor-144218.html Mon, 12 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Following are the essential qualities of an auditor: - 1. PROFESSIONALLY COMPETENT 2. HONEST 3. UP TO DATE KNOWLEDGE 4. KNOWLEDGE OF BUSINESS / MERCANTILE LAW 5. KNOWLEDGE OF TAXATION LAW 6. INTELLIGENT 7. QUALIFICATION 8. TACTFUL 9. MAINTAIN SECRECY 10. PATIENCE 11. CRITICAL ATTITUDE and etc. Removal of auditors http://www.informationbible.com/article-removal-of-auditors-144084.html Mon, 12 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT According to Section 224 (3) of the Companies Act, any auditor may be removed from the office before the expiry of his term but it can be done only by the company in its general meeting and with the previous approval of the control Government. Appointment of first auditor by directors http://www.informationbible.com/article-appointment-of-first-auditor-by-directors-144082.html Mon, 12 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT 1. FIRST AUDITOR, 2. CASUAL VACANCY - The co-operative law authority can appoint the first auditor of a company if the company in the general meeting does not appoint the first auditor within 120 days of the date of incorporation of a company. Certified auditor http://www.informationbible.com/article-certified-auditor-144081.html Mon, 12 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT A part from practicing chartered accountants, a person holding a certificate under the restricted auditor’s certificate rules, 1965 is also qualified to be appointed as auditor of a company. Such certified auditors are subject to the rules framed in this behalf by the central Government. Status of an auditor as a company agent http://www.informationbible.com/article-status-of-an-auditor-as-a-company-agent-144159.html Mon, 12 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Shareholders for audit work appoint the auditor. He is considered as agent of shareholders. He is bound to report to shareholders about the company matters. Status of an auditor as a company officer http://www.informationbible.com/article-status-of-an-auditor-as-a-company-officer-144162.html Mon, 12 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT The auditor is an independent person. He is appointed by shareholders to examine the books of accounts. As per engagement letter he is not an officer of the company. The auditor is considered as officers of the company under the company’s ordinance 1984. Status of an auditor as a company servant http://www.informationbible.com/article-status-of-an-auditor-as-a-company-servant-144169.html Mon, 12 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Shareholders for audit appoint an auditor. An engagement letter is issued to the auditor. He is allowed to complete the audit work with in a given time period. He is an independent person. A servant cannot give an independent opinion on the company matters. Duties and rights or power of an auditor http://www.informationbible.com/article-duties-and-rights-or-power-of-an-auditor-144179.html Mon, 12 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Following are the important rights of the auditor: ACCESS TO BOOKS, RIGHT OF INSPECTION, RIGHT OF INFORMATION, ACCESS TO BRANCHES, RECEIVING NOTICES, RIGHT OF ATTENDING THE MEETING, REPORT TO MEMBER, SIGN AUDIT REPORT, SEEK LEGAL ANDTECHNICAL ADVICE, RECEIVE REMUNERATION, PRESENT IN MEETING and etc. Statutory duties of an auditor http://www.informationbible.com/article-statutory-duties-of-an-auditor-144184.html Mon, 12 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT The various duties of a company auditor imposed upon him by the companies act are as follows. 1. SUBMIT REPORT, 2. AFFAIRS OF COMPANY, 3. ADDITIONAL MATTER, 4. SIGN THE REPORT 5. DUTY AS TO STATUTORY 6. DUTY AS TO PROSPECTUS 7. VOLUNTARY WINDING UP 8. ASSIST INVESTIGATION 9. REPORT FOR PROSPECTUS 10 Duties under common law of an auditor http://www.informationbible.com/article-duties-under-common-law-of-an-auditor-144189.html Mon, 12 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT The various duties of a company auditor imposed upon him by the companies act are as follows. 1.DUTY OF EMPLOYMENT 2.CARE AND CAUTION 3.AGREEMENT Lexatrim 2 by natural research innovation http://www.informationbible.com/article-lexatrim-2-by-natural-research-innovation-143641.html Sun, 11 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Self proclaimed revolutionary, Lexatrim is a weight reducing product which claims to produce a significant thermogenic effect in the body, causing fat to burn off and metabolism to elevate. Iberogast by medical futures inc http://www.informationbible.com/article-iberogast-by-medical-futures-inc-139847.html Thu, 01 Dec 2011 13:00:00 GMT Iberogast is Europe's #1 product for supporting the digestive system. Iberogast is a unique herbal combination which has been prescribed by gastroenterologists and naturopaths for over 40 years. Which system of internal check you would suggest to avoid errors and frauds http://www.informationbible.com/article-which-system-of-internal-check-you-would-suggest-to-avoid-errors-and-frauds-115693.html Wed, 28 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Following steps should be taken to prevent error and frauds in case of worker wages Suitable system of internal check and internal control http://www.informationbible.com/article-suitable-system-of-internal-check-and-internal-control-115686.html Wed, 28 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Following accepts are considered the most important in case of internal control over store. Define the term vouching explain the main principles of vouching http://www.informationbible.com/article-define-the-term-vouching-explain-the-main-principles-of-vouching-115740.html Wed, 28 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT It means to test the truth of items appearing in the books of original entry. Advantages of verification http://www.informationbible.com/article-advantages-of-verification-115722.html Wed, 28 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The following are the main type of advantages of the verification Internal control system http://www.informationbible.com/article-internal-control-system-115708.html Wed, 28 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Following system of internal check for petty cash transaction is very useful How would you verify the following items land and buildings plant and machinery http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-would-you-verify-the-following-items-land-and-buildings-plant-and-machinery-115727.html Wed, 28 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Land and building are very important for any kind of business. The management can fulfill his requirement Suitable control system over cash receipts and payment http://www.informationbible.com/article-suitable-control-system-over-cash-receipts-and-payment-115702.html Wed, 28 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT In the business there is a greater risk of cash misappropriation. So there are a need of safety measures. Explain the term verification discuss its main techniques and objects http://www.informationbible.com/article-explain-the-term-verification-discuss-its-main-techniques-and-objects-115719.html Wed, 28 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT It means to prove the fact and confirmation about the both sides of the balance sheet as the assets Proper internal check suitable for a manufacturing concern http://www.informationbible.com/article-proper-internal-check-suitable-for-a-manufacturing-concern-112984.html Thu, 22 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Following are important points that an auditor should keep in view while auditing the manufacturing con Internal check over sale http://www.informationbible.com/article-internal-check-over-sale-112992.html Thu, 22 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Following are the important points that must be kept in view in case of internal control over sale Objectives of internal audit http://www.informationbible.com/article-objectives-of-internal-audit-112969.html Thu, 22 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The purpose of internal audit is to keep proper control over business activities. Functions of internal audit http://www.informationbible.com/article-functions-of-internal-audit-112973.html Thu, 22 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The function of internal audit is concerned with analysis of internal check. Advantages of internal audit http://www.informationbible.com/article-advantages-of-internal-audit-112977.html Thu, 22 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The benefit of internal audit is that proper accounting system is introduced. Accounting system Internal audit 2 http://www.informationbible.com/article-internal-audit-2-112961.html Thu, 22 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Internal audit is an evaluation and analysis of the business operation conducted by the internal Essentials of internal audit http://www.informationbible.com/article-essentials-of-internal-audit-112972.html Thu, 22 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Planning is an essential feature of internal audit. The auditor can plan to check the accounts system Limitaitons of internal audit http://www.informationbible.com/article-limitaitons-of-internal-audit-112978.html Thu, 22 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The limitation of internal audit is that audit staff may be incompetent. Internal check over purchases http://www.informationbible.com/article-internal-check-over-purchases-112989.html Thu, 22 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Following suggestions are given for a proper control over the purchas Audit sampling methods http://www.informationbible.com/article-audit-sampling-methods-112981.html Thu, 22 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The judgment sampling requires the selection of data on the basis of auditor experience Internal audit http://www.informationbible.com/article-internal-audit-112334.html Wed, 21 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Internal audit is an evaluation and analysis of the business operation conducted by the internal audit staff. Advantages and disadvantages of internal check http://www.informationbible.com/article-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-internal-check-112464.html Wed, 21 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT System of internal check puts moral check on members of staff and enables them to learn honesty Types of internal control http://www.informationbible.com/article-types-of-internal-control-112426.html Wed, 21 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Organization is concerned with placement of workers on their jobs. Authority and responsibility go together Internal control techniques http://www.informationbible.com/article-internal-control-techniques-112434.html Wed, 21 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The auditor can collect a copy of system manual. It is an internal control technique Internal check http://www.informationbible.com/article-internal-check-112454.html Wed, 21 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Internal check is a method of organizing the accounts system of a business concern or a factory where the duties Internal control http://www.informationbible.com/article-internal-control-112338.html Wed, 21 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The concept of internal control has evolved gradually over the years, with the greatest development occurring Internal control methods http://www.informationbible.com/article-internal-control-methods-112432.html Wed, 21 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT It is method of internal control. The auditor can know and record the internal control system. Principles of internal check http://www.informationbible.com/article-principles-of-internal-check-112472.html Wed, 21 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The principle of internal check is sufficient staff. The employees can be appointed according to the workload. Filing of working papers http://www.informationbible.com/article-filing-of-working-papers-112316.html Wed, 21 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The audit working papers are divided into two groups. The first group consists of current file and second group contains permanent file Evaluation of internal control http://www.informationbible.com/article-evaluation-of-internal-control-112435.html Wed, 21 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Compliance procedures are tests designed to obtain reasonable assurance that these internal controls Indexing of audit work papers http://www.informationbible.com/article-indexing-of-audit-work-papers-112321.html Wed, 21 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The indexing of audit work papers is one for the purpose of systematizing the arrangement and use of working papers Principles of internal control http://www.informationbible.com/article-principles-of-internal-control-112355.html Wed, 21 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The principal of the internal control is also the simple records such as the record of employees System of internal control http://www.informationbible.com/article-system-of-internal-control-112448.html Wed, 21 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT System of internal control in respect of small and manufacturing concerns and other aspects of business are explained below Contents of audit working papers http://www.informationbible.com/article-contents-of-audit-working-papers-112303.html Wed, 21 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The working papers contain the contract letter. This letter gives right to a person to a start work of audit. Internal control limitations http://www.informationbible.com/article-internal-control-limitations-112444.html Wed, 21 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The management thinks that cost of a control procedure must not be in excess of potential loss due to error or frauds Objects of internal control in detail http://www.informationbible.com/article-objects-of-internal-control-in-detail-112344.html Wed, 21 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The assets are the backbone of any business. These assets are in the custody of some specific Disadvantages of audit programme http://www.informationbible.com/article-disadvantages-of-audit-programme-111840.html Tue, 20 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Auditors may have covered the whole tie but I cannot be said with certainty that all the necessary work has been done Overall checks http://www.informationbible.com/article-overall-checks-111907.html Tue, 20 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Overall checks means detailed checking of whole accounting records. All those activities Audit programmes and procedures http://www.informationbible.com/article-audit-programmes-and-procedures-111787.html Tue, 20 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT After having decided as to whether continuous audit or final audit is to be undertaken Principles of auditing http://www.informationbible.com/article-principles-of-auditing-111909.html Tue, 20 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Fundamental principles are those according to which the books of business accounts are audited. Routine checking http://www.informationbible.com/article-routine-checking-111889.html Tue, 20 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Regardless of the nature and size of a business undertaking and the volume of its transact Objects of routine checking http://www.informationbible.com/article-objects-of-routine-checking-111897.html Tue, 20 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The purpose of routine checking is to check the arithmetical accuracy of books of accounts Advantages and disadvantages of test checking http://www.informationbible.com/article-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-test-checking-111900.html Tue, 20 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The benefit of test checking is available in the shape of time saving. A sample of items is checked Advantages of audit program http://www.informationbible.com/article-advantages-of-audit-program-111828.html Tue, 20 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The editor can judge the efficiency of his audit team with the held of all audit programs. Definition of audit note book http://www.informationbible.com/article-definition-of-audit-note-book-111861.html Tue, 20 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Audit notebook is a diary on which auditor scribble down all important inquiries to avoid the possibility of unquestioned material facts Meaning of audit working papers http://www.informationbible.com/article-meaning-of-audit-working-papers-111915.html Tue, 20 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Working papers means the paper which contains essential facts about accounts so that an auditor Objects of audit working papers http://www.informationbible.com/article-objects-of-audit-working-papers-111921.html Tue, 20 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The purpose of audit working papers is to prepare written record as a proof of audit work done. Audit program http://www.informationbible.com/article-audit-program-111826.html Tue, 20 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT After having decided as to whether continuous audit or final audit is to be undertaken, the auditor should prepare himself for the work. Auditing in depth http://www.informationbible.com/article-auditing-in-depth-111904.html Tue, 20 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Audit in depth involves the examination of books of accounts in depth. Such a system of checking Routing checking http://www.informationbible.com/article-routing-checking-111892.html Tue, 20 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The auditors check the arithmetic accuracy of journals and ledgers. It is called routing checking. The purpose is detected the error and fraud of simples nature. Advantages of audit note book http://www.informationbible.com/article-advantages-of-audit-note-book-111864.html Tue, 20 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The audit notebook is helpful to prepare audit report. The auditor can record the weakness of accounting records. Test check or test checking http://www.informationbible.com/article-test-check-or-test-checking-111866.html Tue, 20 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Test checking means select and examine a representative sample from a large number Discuss the disadvantages of final audit http://www.informationbible.com/article-discuss-the-disadvantages-of-final-audit-111765.html Tue, 20 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Following are the main disadvantages of final audit------- Precautions for continuous audit http://www.informationbible.com/article-precautions-for-continuous-audit-111770.html Tue, 20 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The continuous audit requires precautions for erasing figures at later stage. The surprise checking Test checking and its essentials http://www.informationbible.com/article-test-checking-and-its-essentials-111868.html Tue, 20 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Test checking means to select or examine a representative sample from a large number of similar items. Auditor and auditing http://www.informationbible.com/article-auditor-and-auditing-110685.html Sat, 17 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Where accountancy ends, auditing begins”. An auditor has to verify the entries passed by the accountant and the final accounts Difference between accounting and auditing http://www.informationbible.com/article-difference-between-accounting-and-auditing-110687.html Sat, 17 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Accounting is concerned with preparing of financial statements. Audit or auditing http://www.informationbible.com/article-audit-or-auditing-110680.html Sat, 17 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The word “AUDIT” is derived from the Latin word “audire”, which mean. “To hear Importance of auditing http://www.informationbible.com/article-importance-of-auditing-110721.html Sat, 17 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Auditing is helpful for business. The error can be located through it. The location and correction of error is possible through auditing. Errors or mistakes http://www.informationbible.com/article-errors-or-mistakes-110730.html Sat, 17 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Error refers to unintentional mistakes in financial information, such as Disadvantages of audit http://www.informationbible.com/article-disadvantages-of-audit-110723.html Sat, 17 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Some time the management commits a planned fraud. And for the auditor it is not possible to find out that fraud. In this case Scope of audit http://www.informationbible.com/article-scope-of-audit-110693.html Sat, 17 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The auditor can determine the scope of an audit of financial statements in accordance with the requirements of legislation Advantages of auditing http://www.informationbible.com/article-advantages-of-auditing-110714.html Sat, 17 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT We can divide the advantages of audit into the following main heads Accounting and accountancy http://www.informationbible.com/article-accounting-and-accountancy-110683.html Sat, 17 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Accountancy Begins where Book-keeping ends”. It means that an accountant comes into tile Picture only when the book-keeper Main objects of auditing http://www.informationbible.com/article-main-objects-of-auditing-110709.html Sat, 17 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The main purpose of Auditing or object is to find the opinion of an auditor about the correctness and reliability of accounts Detailed formal market report http://www.informationbible.com/article-detailed-formal-market-report-109853.html Thu, 15 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT London, November 7: Oil prices were stuck below S19 a barrel here on Wednesday, flirting with two year low points, as figures for US inventories confirmed that supply continues to outstrip demand. Detailed formal market report 17 http://www.informationbible.com/article-detailed-formal-market-report-17-109897.html Thu, 15 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Karachi, Sept 15: Cotton market on Saturday gave another improved performance on active demand but prices remained largely range-bound as spinners were not inclined to disrupt the status quo. Detailed formal market report 8 http://www.informationbible.com/article-detailed-formal-market-report-8-109875.html Thu, 15 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT New York, Sep 15: Gold soared to a 16-week high the instant the New York Mercantile Exchange Detailed formal market report 14 http://www.informationbible.com/article-detailed-formal-market-report-14-109887.html Thu, 15 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Hong Kong shares prices ‘fell 1.7 per cent led by China Mobile amid continuing concerns over its earnings outlook, dealers said. Detailed formal market report 9 http://www.informationbible.com/article-detailed-formal-market-report-9-109876.html Thu, 15 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT New York, Sep 8: A dramatic rise in the US jobless rate sent Wall Street and European markets into a downward spiral on Friday as concern mounted over the global economics outlook. Detailed formal market report 11 http://www.informationbible.com/article-detailed-formal-market-report-11-109881.html Thu, 15 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Sydney: Australian shares edged a modest 0.09 per cent higher on the back of investor approval of further resource sector consolidation, brokers said. Detailed formal market report 20 http://www.informationbible.com/article-detailed-formal-market-report-20-109906.html Thu, 15 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Tokyo, Sep 21: The dollar rebounded against the yen on Friday after Tokyo intervened to support the latter for the third Detailed formal market report 12 http://www.informationbible.com/article-detailed-formal-market-report-12-109884.html Thu, 15 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Wellington, Sep 23: New Zealand shares fell 0.8 percent in thin trade marked by telecom’s fall to an eight month low, dealers said. Detailed formal market report 6 http://www.informationbible.com/article-detailed-formal-market-report-6-109868.html Thu, 15 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT New York, Nov 22: COMEX gold ended almost flat in pre-holiday trade on Wednesday after slipping to a fresh 14-week low. Detailed formal market report 2 http://www.informationbible.com/article-detailed-formal-market-report-2-109856.html Thu, 15 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT London, March 5: The price of oil eased slightly on Wednesday as dealers anticipated a rise in US stocks and discounted the latest tiff between Iraq and the United Nations. Detailed formal market report 4 http://www.informationbible.com/article-detailed-formal-market-report-4-109864.html Thu, 15 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Malaysia’s palm oil futures ended mostly higher on Wednesday on a technical rebound but players remained uncertain about the future as talk of poor exports resurfaced. Detailed formal market report 10 http://www.informationbible.com/article-detailed-formal-market-report-10-109880.html Thu, 15 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Kuala Lumpur, May 15: Malaysian shares closed 0.2 percent higher owing to last minute light buying in the blue chips, dealers said. Detailed formal market report 18 http://www.informationbible.com/article-detailed-formal-market-report-18-109900.html Thu, 15 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Karachi, Mar 3: Reports coming from the cotton yarn market are not that encouraging as prices remained on the lower side partly because of lack Detailed formal market report 7 http://www.informationbible.com/article-detailed-formal-market-report-7-109870.html Thu, 15 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Shanghai B-shares closed 3.6 % higher with gains across the board bolstered by a similar rise in domestic A-shares. Detailed formal market report 5 http://www.informationbible.com/article-detailed-formal-market-report-5-109866.html Thu, 15 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Istanbul, Nov 22:Turkish cash cotton prices fell in lira terms on commodity exchanges this week due to a block sale by Taris, the country’s largest farm cooperative, and a stronger lira currency, brokers said on Thursday. Detailed formal market report 21 http://www.informationbible.com/article-detailed-formal-market-report-21-109910.html Thu, 15 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT London, Sep 21: Gold firmed in Europe on Friday as investors rushed to safe havens and traders bought ahead of the weekend Detailed formal market report 15 http://www.informationbible.com/article-detailed-formal-market-report-15-109891.html Thu, 15 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Singapore share prices closed 0.1 per cent higher in mixed trading after a weaker close on the NASDAQ, dealers said. Detailed formal market report 16 http://www.informationbible.com/article-detailed-formal-market-report-16-109896.html Thu, 15 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT New York, Sep 19: Stocks sank in heavy midday trading on Wednesday as investors buckled under fears of global recession Detailed formal market report 22 http://www.informationbible.com/article-detailed-formal-market-report-22-109915.html Thu, 15 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Tokyo, Jul 5: Share prices in Tokyo already tumbled 1.3 percent as ugly Japanese gross domestic product data in the June quarter Detailed formal market report 23 http://www.informationbible.com/article-detailed-formal-market-report-23-109917.html Thu, 15 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Mumbai, May 2: Indian share prices moved marginally down on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) amid sustained concerns Detailed formal market report 13 http://www.informationbible.com/article-detailed-formal-market-report-13-109885.html Thu, 15 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Seoul, Mar 5: South Korean stock prices inched up 0.4 per cent as foreign sell-offs widely offset the positive impact of a half percentage point official rate cut. Detailed formal market report 19 http://www.informationbible.com/article-detailed-formal-market-report-19-109903.html Thu, 15 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT New York, Sep 5: NY cotton futures finished at a near one-month high on Tuesday in a speculative short covering rally sparked Detailed formal market report 3 http://www.informationbible.com/article-detailed-formal-market-report-3-109861.html Thu, 15 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Kuala Lumpur, Nov 7: Malaysian palm oil futures broke a key resistance level and rallied across the board Stock exchanges http://www.informationbible.com/article-stock-exchanges-109168.html Wed, 14 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The stock exchange is a place or market where shares, stocks, bonds are bought and sold as a result of which a country’s capital is greatly mobilized and channelized. Technical terms and phrases 7 http://www.informationbible.com/article-technical-terms-and-phrases-7-109329.html Wed, 14 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Disappointed bull the bull makes purchases in the hope that the prices will rise. But when the situation is not according Technical terms and phrases 9 http://www.informationbible.com/article-technical-terms-and-phrases-9-109337.html Wed, 14 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Limited market when dealing in a particular stock or share is restricted and difficult. Organized markets produce exchanges http://www.informationbible.com/article-organized-markets-produce-exchanges-109162.html Wed, 14 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT A market may become in organized market when it fulfills the following conditions Factors favoring the project http://www.informationbible.com/article-factors-favoring-the-project-109155.html Wed, 14 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT After conducting, a detailed research and study the following factors have been determined to be tremendously bearing on the project favorably. Technical terms and phrases 10 http://www.informationbible.com/article-technical-terms-and-phrases-10-109342.html Wed, 14 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Peak price/ cop price it means the highest rate of commodity which brings good fortune to the bulls if they have something to dispose off. Technical terms and phrases 8 http://www.informationbible.com/article-technical-terms-and-phrases-8-109332.html Wed, 14 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Fresh buying support support of buyers--------------. Technical terms and phrases 11 http://www.informationbible.com/article-technical-terms-and-phrases-11-109344.html Wed, 14 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Rupee paper these are the loans of government of Pakistan floated and subscribed in London money market and quoted on the London stock Exchange. Technical terms and phrases 3 http://www.informationbible.com/article-technical-terms-and-phrases-3-109221.html Wed, 14 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Bea sentiments/ bearish sentiments when there is a feeling among speculators that the prices will fall the feeling is known as bearish sentiments. Technical terms and phrases 4 http://www.informationbible.com/article-technical-terms-and-phrases-4-109315.html Wed, 14 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Bouyancy of the market means the upward tendancy of prices continued in the market. Technical terms and phrases 12 http://www.informationbible.com/article-technical-terms-and-phrases-12-109348.html Wed, 14 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Stock all kinds of fully paid up shares, bonds and debentures dealt with on the exchange, are known as stock Nature of factory accidents http://www.informationbible.com/article-nature-of-factory-accidents-109137.html Wed, 14 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT One of the most common accidents taking place in the factory is fire. Five years back the number of fire accidents was seven and now it has reached up to thirty. Technical terms and phrases 5 http://www.informationbible.com/article-technical-terms-and-phrases-5-109317.html Wed, 14 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Bull sentiments when a bull has a feeling that the prices of certain commodities will move up, it is known as bullish sentiments. Letter of authorization http://www.informationbible.com/article-letter-of-authorization-109110.html Wed, 14 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT We are pleased to inform you that we have selected you to conduct a study and prepare a report regarding the labor problem the company has been confronting for quite sometime. Technical terms and phrases http://www.informationbible.com/article-technical-terms-and-phrases-109188.html Wed, 14 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT a slight negative change in the tone of the market. The falling tendency of prices by a slight margin Nature of markets http://www.informationbible.com/article-nature-of-markets-109158.html Wed, 14 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT A market is a place where goods are bought and sold. It is a place where buyers and sellers meet each other directly or through agents and brokers. The roots of the problem http://www.informationbible.com/article-the-roots-of-the-problem-109116.html Wed, 14 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The roots of the problem trace deep down in the following factors: Advantages functions of market reports http://www.informationbible.com/article-advantages-functions-of-market-reports-109175.html Wed, 14 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT It exhibits the volume of business transacted in a particular market during a given period of time Letter of transmittal http://www.informationbible.com/article-letter-of-transmittal-109107.html Wed, 14 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT As you requested; here is my report on decline in sales and profit. In the preparation of the report. I have strictly followed all instructions and requirements. Technical terms and phrases 2 http://www.informationbible.com/article-technical-terms-and-phrases-2-109203.html Wed, 14 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT it is a weekly publication of assets and liabilities of the State Bank of Pakistan, showing separately positions of the Issue and Banking Departments Technical terms and phrases 6 http://www.informationbible.com/article-technical-terms-and-phrases-6-109322.html Wed, 14 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Commercial any dealer who has business to transact Memo report on low morale http://www.informationbible.com/article-memo-report-on-low-morale-108766.html Tue, 13 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Labor morale cannot be overemphasized for it plays a vital role in efficiency, productivity, profitability, quality, quantity, survival, development and accomplishment of the goals of a company. Letter report on the low morale of the laborers http://www.informationbible.com/article-letter-report-on-the-low-morale-of-the-laborers-108746.html Tue, 13 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Letter report on the low morale of the laborers-------------- Letter reports and memorandum reports http://www.informationbible.com/article-letter-reports-and-memorandum-reports-108741.html Tue, 13 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT When the report is written in the letter of transmittal, it is known as letter report. It does not include title fly, title page, authorization letter, and table of contents. Memorandum report on feasibility of opening a branch http://www.informationbible.com/article-memorandum-report-on-feasibility-of-opening-a-branch-108792.html Tue, 13 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT After conducting a detailed research and study the following factors have been determined to be tremendously bearing on the project favorably. Formal reports http://www.informationbible.com/article-formal-reports-108733.html Tue, 13 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT Formal reports are prepared in detail and pertain to complex problems. They are problem solving or question-answering reports Memo report on bad debts http://www.informationbible.com/article-memo-report-on-bad-debts-108763.html Tue, 13 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The company after its expansion has been suffering the crisis of bad debts due to poor debt management Memo report on decline in profit http://www.informationbible.com/article-memo-report-on-decline-in-profit-108784.html Tue, 13 Sep 2011 13:00:00 GMT The company which enjoys a remarkable position in the market is now suffering a reverse in profit for the last three years. Promax energy bars overview http://www.informationbible.com/article-promax-energy-bars-overview-97140.html Sun, 14 Aug 2011 13:00:00 GMT Promax Energy Bars provide 20 grams of high quality protein from a Proprietary Protein Blend of whey and soy. Balance bar original http://www.informationbible.com/article-balance-bar-original-96531.html Thu, 11 Aug 2011 13:00:00 GMT opular Balance Bars give you great-tasting, convenient nutrition, any time you're hungry but don't have time to stop for a meal. Claim complaint about a faulty laundry service http://www.informationbible.com/article-claim-complaint-about-a-faulty-laundry-service-86467.html Sat, 23 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Claim Complaint about a faulty laundry service------------------------ Claim complaint about faulty merchandise and other anomalies http://www.informationbible.com/article-claim-complaint-about-faulty-merchandise-and-other-anomalies-86464.html Sat, 23 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Claim complaint about faulty merchandise and other anomalies--------------- Request for merchandise http://www.informationbible.com/article-request-for-merchandise-86473.html Sat, 23 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Request for merchandise--------------------------------------- Reply to enquiry about a product http://www.informationbible.com/article-reply-to-enquiry-about-a-product-86463.html Sat, 23 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Reply to enquiry about a product-------------------------- Introduction to business reports http://www.informationbible.com/article-introduction-to-business-reports-86482.html Sat, 23 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT A business report may be defined as "an impartial, objective, planned presentation of facts to one or more persons for a specific business purpose". Complaint claim for exchange or refund http://www.informationbible.com/article-complaint-claim-for-exchange-or-refund-86468.html Sat, 23 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Complaint Claim for exchange or refund------------------------ Credit letter http://www.informationbible.com/article-credit-letter-86475.html Sat, 23 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Credit letter----------------------------------------------- Heading placement plan http://www.informationbible.com/article-heading-placement-plan-86488.html Sat, 23 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT In writing reports, Headings are placed by the following procedures--------------- Canceling an order http://www.informationbible.com/article-canceling-an-order-86477.html Sat, 23 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Canceling an order----------------------------------------- Functions uses or advantages of a business report http://www.informationbible.com/article-functions-uses-or-advantages-of-a-business-report-86484.html Sat, 23 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT A business report has the following functions, uses or advantages----------- Reply to above order cancelled http://www.informationbible.com/article-reply-to-above-order-cancelled-86478.html Sat, 23 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Reply to above Order cancelled----------------------------------- Cancellation not possible goods already dispatched http://www.informationbible.com/article-cancellation-not-possible-goods-already-dispatched-86479.html Sat, 23 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT cancellation not possible goods already dispatched-------------------------------- Reminder collection http://www.informationbible.com/article-reminder-collection-86472.html Sat, 23 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Reminder Collection----------------------------------------- A complaint claim about a defective computer http://www.informationbible.com/article-a-complaint-claim-about-a-defective-computer-86471.html Sat, 23 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT A complaint claim about a defective computer---------------------- Introduction of a student to survey a companys marketing policies http://www.informationbible.com/article-introduction-of-a-student-to-survey-a-companys-marketing-policies-86474.html Sat, 23 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Introduction of a student to survey a companys marketing policies------------- Qualities of well written reports http://www.informationbible.com/article-qualities-of-well-written-reports-86485.html Sat, 23 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT The quality of the report depends on the accomplishment of completeness, conciseness, concreteness, conviction, objectivity, clarity, consideration, courtesy, confidence, and conversational tone. Types kinds or classifications of business reports http://www.informationbible.com/article-types-kinds-or-classifications-of-business-reports-86489.html Sat, 23 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT A business report may be classified in at least six different ways. These classifications are as follows: Recommendation sought by the candidate http://www.informationbible.com/article-recommendation-sought-by-the-candidate-86199.html Fri, 22 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Recommendation Sought by the Candidate--------------- Enquiry about a product http://www.informationbible.com/article-enquiry-about-a-product-86215.html Fri, 22 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Enquiry about a product----------------------------- Enquiry about an advertised product http://www.informationbible.com/article-enquiry-about-an-advertised-product-86220.html Fri, 22 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Enquiry about an advertised product-------------------------- Increase in salary and benefits http://www.informationbible.com/article-increase-in-salary-and-benefits-86172.html Fri, 22 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Increase in Salary and Benefits------------------------------------- Transfer letter http://www.informationbible.com/article-transfer-letter-86174.html Fri, 22 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT transfer letter-------------------------------------------------- Unsolicited job application http://www.informationbible.com/article-unsolicited-job-application-86178.html Fri, 22 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Unsolicited job application-------------------------- Solicited job letter http://www.informationbible.com/article-solicited-job-letter-86183.html Fri, 22 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Solicited job letter-------------------------------------- Enquiry request by the employer from a referee http://www.informationbible.com/article-enquiry-request-by-the-employer-from-a-referee-86201.html Fri, 22 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Enquiry request by the employer from a referee--------------------- Another inquiry about a candidate from his previous employer http://www.informationbible.com/article-another-inquiry-about-a-candidate-from-his-previous-employer-86204.html Fri, 22 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT another inquiry about a candidate from his previous employer------------- Favorable reply to an enquiry from the referee about the ex employee http://www.informationbible.com/article-favorable-reply-to-an-enquiry-from-the-referee-about-the-ex-employee-86207.html Fri, 22 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Favorable reply to an enquiry from the referee about the ex employee------------- Non letter about a candidate reply to an inquiry letter http://www.informationbible.com/article-non-letter-about-a-candidate-reply-to-an-inquiry-letter-86209.html Fri, 22 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Non Letter about a Candidate reply to an Inquiry Letter-------------- Sales promotion letter to awaken old accounts http://www.informationbible.com/article-sales-promotion-letter-to-awaken-old-accounts-85674.html Thu, 21 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Sales promotion letter to awaken old accounts------------------------ Announcements sales circular letter on introduction of a new product to a dealer http://www.informationbible.com/article-announcements-sales-circular-letter-on-introduction-of-a-new-product-to-a-dealer-85694.html Thu, 21 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Announcements Sales Circular letter on introduction of a new product to a dealer----------------- Another sales promotion announcement letter about sales event http://www.informationbible.com/article-another-sales-promotion-announcement-letter-about-sales-event-85672.html Thu, 21 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Another Sales Promotion/announcement letter about sales event--------- Sales promotion letter welcoming new residents in the area http://www.informationbible.com/article-sales-promotion-letter-welcoming-new-residents-in-the-area-85680.html Thu, 21 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT sales promotion letter welcoming new residents in the area----------------- A sales promotion letter on annual sales of the comapny http://www.informationbible.com/article-a-sales-promotion-letter-on-annual-sales-of-the-comapny-85670.html Thu, 21 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT A SALES PROMOTION LETTER ON ANNUAL SALES OF THE COMAPNY------------------------ Sales promotion letter in informal style congratulating on 25th year of establishment http://www.informationbible.com/article-sales-promotion-letter-in-informal-style-congratulating-on-25th-year-of-establishment-85685.html Thu, 21 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Sales Promotion letter in informal style congratulating on 25th year of establishment------ Sales promotion letter thanking for opening an account http://www.informationbible.com/article-sales-promotion-letter-thanking-for-opening-an-account-85688.html Thu, 21 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Sales Promotion letter thanking for opening an account------------- Announcement circular letter http://www.informationbible.com/article-announcement-circular-letter-85690.html Thu, 21 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Announcement circular letter-------------------------- Announcement circular sales promotion introduction letter http://www.informationbible.com/article-announcement-circular--sales-promotion-introduction-letter-85693.html Thu, 21 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Announcement Circular Sales Promotion Introduction letter--------------- A sales letter on forklifts http://www.informationbible.com/article-a-sales-letter-on-forklifts-84637.html Tue, 19 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT A Sales letter on forklifts------------------------------- Sales letter to the cement dealer http://www.informationbible.com/article-sales-letter-to-the-cement-dealer-84655.html Tue, 19 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Sales letter to the cement dealer--------------------------- Sales letter on photocopier phone http://www.informationbible.com/article-sales-letter-on-photocopier-phone-84633.html Tue, 19 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT sales letter on photocopier phone----------------------------- Sales letter on shoes http://www.informationbible.com/article-sales-letter-on-shoes-84635.html Tue, 19 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Sales Letter on Shoes------------------------------- Sales letter on watches http://www.informationbible.com/article-sales-letter-on-watches-84640.html Tue, 19 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Sales letter on Watches----------------------------------- Sales letter on clothes http://www.informationbible.com/article-sales-letter-on-clothes-84650.html Tue, 19 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Sales Letter on Clothes------------------------------ Sales letter on books http://www.informationbible.com/article-sales-letter-on-books-84657.html Tue, 19 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Sales letter on books------------------------------- Sales letter on beverages http://www.informationbible.com/article-sales-letter-on-beverages-84659.html Tue, 19 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Sales letter on beverages------------------------------- Elements of print advertisement http://www.informationbible.com/article-elements-of-print-advertisement-84274.html Mon, 18 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT A print advertisement contains following elements------------ Media of advertising http://www.informationbible.com/article-media-of-advertising-84272.html Mon, 18 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Advertising media are the forms and means of communication by which advertised message reaches the audience. Checklist for application letter http://www.informationbible.com/article-checklist-for-application-letter-84270.html Mon, 18 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT CHECKLIST FOR APPLICATION LETTER---------------------------------------- Definition 2 http://www.informationbible.com/article-definition-2-84248.html Mon, 18 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Sales Promotion letters are written to sell indirectly. The writer induces the reader to buy, but does not urge him. Uses of sales promotion letters http://www.informationbible.com/article-uses-of-sales-promotion-letters-84253.html Mon, 18 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT One of the most important uses of Sales Promotion letter is to maintain contacts with customers. Definition 3 http://www.informationbible.com/article-definition-3-84255.html Mon, 18 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT A circular letter is a business letter, which conveys a common message to a large number of readers or customers. Sources for careers and jobs http://www.informationbible.com/article-sources-for-careers-and-jobs-84263.html Mon, 18 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT The following are important sources for careers and jobs available for candidates. Qualities and traits of the candidate http://www.informationbible.com/article-qualities-and-traits-of-the-candidate-84265.html Mon, 18 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Employds look for the following traits and qualities in the candidate: Characteristics ofa job letter http://www.informationbible.com/article-characteristics-ofa-job-letter-84268.html Mon, 18 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT The following are characteristics of a good job application Writing a job advertisement http://www.informationbible.com/article-writing-a-job-advertisement-84276.html Mon, 18 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT How do you get individuals to pay attention to your job opening? Uses of sales letters http://www.informationbible.com/article-uses-of-sales-letters-83522.html Sat, 16 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT There are five principal uses of sales letters------------- Definition http://www.informationbible.com/article-definition-83520.html Sat, 16 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT A sales letter is a sales talk. It is au efficient and convenient means of securing business. A sales letter acts as a salesman. Kinds of follow up sales letters http://www.informationbible.com/article-kinds-of-follow-up-sales-letters-83527.html Sat, 16 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT The purpose of such letters is to sell low priced goods by mail. Memorandum 1 http://www.informationbible.com/article-memorandum-1-83407.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Memorandum # 1 ----------------------------------------------------- Official letter format semi blocked open punctuation subject line given and underscored http://www.informationbible.com/article-official-letter-format-semi-blocked-open-punctuation-subject-line-given-and-underscored-83406.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Official letter format, semi blocked open punctuation, subject line given and underscored. Inside address below the signature line. Hanging paragraph format open punctuation indented complimentary close is also indented http://www.informationbible.com/article-hanging-paragraph-format-open-punctuation-indented-complimentary-close-is-also-indented-83405.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Hanging Paragraph format, open punctuation, indented, complimentary close is also indented. You may use this style only in sales letters. Organizational plan for direct request using direct approach http://www.informationbible.com/article-organizational-plan-for-direct-request-using-direct-approach-83328.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT The organizational plan for direct requests using this approach is commonly divided into three parts when writing letters or memos. Basic organizational plans of your message http://www.informationbible.com/article-basic-organizational-plans-of-your-message-83319.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Business letters, memos, and reports can be arranged by the direct (deductive) or indirect (inductive) approach. Full block style open punctuation contents http://www.informationbible.com/article-full-block-style-open-punctuation-contents-83402.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Full Block Style, Open punctuation; contents flush with the left margin------- Punctuation styles http://www.informationbible.com/article-punctuation-styles-83395.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT There are two styles of punctuations used in the letter-------- Organizational plan for good news http://www.informationbible.com/article-organizational-plan-for-good-news-83327.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT The organizational plan for this direct approach letter Legal aspects of business communication http://www.informationbible.com/article-legal-aspects-of-business-communication-83371.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT In all of business communication every possible care should be taken. Even a single carelessly chosen word may lead of a lawsuit. Channels of communication http://www.informationbible.com/article-channels-of-communication-83314.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Channels of communication may be divided into the following parts. Organizational plan using indirect approach for bad news http://www.informationbible.com/article-organizational-plan-using-indirect-approach-for-bad-news-83329.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT In bad news communication the real information will not be given in the first paragraph, rather buffer will be used. Kinds of letter formats http://www.informationbible.com/article-kinds-of-letter-formats-83397.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT You may design your letter-------------------------------------- Details of basic organizational plans of messages http://www.informationbible.com/article-details-of-basic-organizational-plans-of-messages-83324.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT The Above basic organizational plans are in table forms. Now we will elaborate them. Organizational plan for persuasive request using indirect approach http://www.informationbible.com/article-organizational-plan-for-persuasive-request-using-indirect-approach-83331.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT This type of approach and plan is used only for sales letters which is quite difficult not only to write but also to make it read by the reader. Opening and closing http://www.informationbible.com/article-opening-and-closing-83338.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT The opening and closing are the most important part of the body of the letter or any other message. They are discussed in detail below. Defamations http://www.informationbible.com/article-defamations-83372.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT It refers to the unconsented and unprivileged publication of a false idea, which tends to injure reputation. Invasion of privacy http://www.informationbible.com/article-invasion-of-privacy-83373.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT It refers to unconsented, unprivileged, and unreasonable intrusion into the private life of an individual. Fraud http://www.informationbible.com/article-fraud-83374.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT It refers to the intentional misrepresentation by one party to a contract of a material fact which is relied upon by the other party to his injury. Credit collection http://www.informationbible.com/article-credit-collection-83375.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT To make recovery from doubtful and bad debtors you should not show anger, preaching, or u insulting and cutting remarks. Such remarks may lead to a libel suit. Parts of the business letter http://www.informationbible.com/article-parts-of-the-business-letter-83394.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT A business letter may be divided into the parts--------------- Specimens of different formats http://www.informationbible.com/article-specimens-of-different-formats-83400.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT AMS Simplified format, full block, open punctuation, no salutation and complimentary close subject line in capital letters, and name and designation in capital letters. Modified block mixed punctuation http://www.informationbible.com/article-modified-block-mixed-punctuation-83401.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Modified Block, mixed punctuation, unindented-------------- Modified block style paragraphs indented http://www.informationbible.com/article-modified-block-style-paragraphs-indented-83404.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Modified block style, paragraphs indented, mixed punctuation Memorandum 2 http://www.informationbible.com/article-memorandum--2-83408.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Memorandum 2--------------------------------------------------------- Memorandum 3 http://www.informationbible.com/article-memorandum-3-83409.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Memorandum # 3--------------------------------------------------- Memorandum 4 http://www.informationbible.com/article-memorandum--4-83410.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Memorandum 4-------------------------------------------------------- Difference between letter and memo http://www.informationbible.com/article-difference-between-letter-and-memo-83412.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT Difference between Letter and Memo------------------------------------------ Kinds of letters http://www.informationbible.com/article-kinds-of-letters-83413.html Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:00:00 GMT KINDS OF LETTERS--------------------------------------------------- Planning steps for communication http://www.informationbible.com/article-planning-steps-for-communication-70791.html Mon, 13 Jun 2011 13:00:00 GMT There are six planning steps before we transmit our message: the purpose of the message, Visualize your reader (or listener), Choose the ideas to transmit, Get all the facts to back up these idea and Organize your ideas in the most effective order Factors or elements of communication http://www.informationbible.com/article-factors-or-elements-of-communication-70784.html Mon, 13 Jun 2011 13:00:00 GMT The following are the factors or elements of communication: Sender, Message, Medium and Receiver. Correction of sentences in business communication http://www.informationbible.com/article-correction-of-sentences-in-business-communication-70815.html Mon, 13 Jun 2011 13:00:00 GMT We Allow 2 percent discount for cash payment (Change into you-attitude.) You will earn 2 percent discount if you pay cash. Important life blood of the buesiness organizations http://www.informationbible.com/article-important-life-blood-of-the-buesiness-organizations-70745.html Mon, 13 Jun 2011 13:00:00 GMT Communication is life and life is communication. It starts with birth and continues till death. The very success of an organization is built upon effective communication. Business writing principles http://www.informationbible.com/article-business-writing-principles-70802.html Mon, 13 Jun 2011 13:00:00 GMT After planning steps in communicating the message have been completed we have to consider specific writing principles to help us choose right words, syntax, and sentences for our letters, reports and memorandums. Business communication defined http://www.informationbible.com/article-business-communication-defined-70734.html Mon, 13 Jun 2011 13:00:00 GMT Every human is incessantly communicating within himself and with the outside world. He is continuously busy thinking, viewing, seeing, listening, speaking, writing, reading, or making nonverbal communication. Some important facts about business communication http://www.informationbible.com/article-some-important-facts-about-business-communication-70744.html Mon, 13 Jun 2011 13:00:00 GMT It will be noted with interest that successive transmissions of the same message are decreasingly accurate. Note the following carefully: Communication skills http://www.informationbible.com/article-communication-skills-70747.html Mon, 13 Jun 2011 13:00:00 GMT When two persons get together communication skills are required. Professors, leaders, doctors, politicians, teachers, singers, professionals, religk leaders, all require effective communication skills for success in their career. Formal and informal language http://www.informationbible.com/article-formal-and-informal-language-70757.html Mon, 13 Jun 2011 13:00:00 GMT There are two types of standard language. The language we speak at home, with friends is informal. It is like casual clothes which people use on informal occasions. General communication principles and business communication problems http://www.informationbible.com/article-general-communication-principles-and-business-communication-problems-70797.html Mon, 13 Jun 2011 13:00:00 GMT Communication has barriers. What you send is not received by the receiver in the same sense as you intended. The following principles should be followed to improve communication. Seven principles to develop your writing skills http://www.informationbible.com/article-seven-principles-to-develop-your-writing-skills-70808.html Mon, 13 Jun 2011 13:00:00 GMT Irrespective of your age factor your can improve your writing skills if you want to. Writing ability is the key to success in the modern business. The following tips will help you develop it. Words and phrases you should avoid in business communication http://www.informationbible.com/article-words-and-phrases-you-should-avoid-in-business-communication-70813.html Mon, 13 Jun 2011 13:00:00 GMT To improve your writing skills you should not use wordy, dangling, trite, and. commonplace jargons, phrases, words, and gobbledegook. Cliches create nothing but bad impressions on the reader. Modaraba http://www.informationbible.com/article-modaraba-68558.html Mon, 06 Jun 2011 13:00:00 GMT In an Islamic system, there is no place for the capital to be given on interest. Capital is to be combined with skill and both are to work on profit and loss sharing basis. Musharakah http://www.informationbible.com/article-musharakah-68563.html Mon, 06 Jun 2011 13:00:00 GMT Musharakah is derived from the word ‘Shirkat’ which means sharing. Musharakah is a very important investment mode of financing in a Islamic economic system. Debentures http://www.informationbible.com/article-debentures-66020.html Sat, 28 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The term ‘debenture’ is derived from the Latin Word ‘debere’ which means to owe a debt’. A company may raise part of its capital by obtaining loans. Winding of company up by court http://www.informationbible.com/article-winding-of-company-up-by-court-66090.html Sat, 28 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The main grounds for winding up by the court are as under:- Liquidation of a company http://www.informationbible.com/article-liquidation-of-a-company-66089.html Sat, 28 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT By winding up of a company is meant the end of the life of a company. It is the permanent closing down of its business. A company is the creature of law. Power of directors http://www.informationbible.com/article-power-of-directors-66047.html Sat, 28 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT According to Section .196 of the Companies Ordinance, the business of the company shall be managed by the directors. Statutory meeting http://www.informationbible.com/article-statutory-meeting-66061.html Sat, 28 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Statutory Meeting Statutory meeting is the first meeting of the members of a public limited company. It is held only once in the life of a public company. It can be convened by the directors of the company only. Directors of a company http://www.informationbible.com/article-directors-of-a-company-66042.html Sat, 28 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT In a company form of organization, the ownership is separated from management. The shareholders who are the owners of the company elect directors in the annual general meeting of the company. Transfer and transmission of shares http://www.informationbible.com/article-transfer-and-transmission-of-shares-66017.html Sat, 28 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The shares of a public company are movable property. They are transferable in the manner provided by the Articles of the company. Company management http://www.informationbible.com/article-company-management-66025.html Sat, 28 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT ln case of sole trader ship, the business is owned by one person and is operated for one’s own profit. In partnership, all the partners or a few of them take the responsibility of managing the affairs of the firm. Type of debentures http://www.informationbible.com/article-type-of-debentures-66021.html Sat, 28 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The debentures are classified on the basis of the terms and conditions of their issue by the company. The main types of debentures are as under. Underwriting of shares http://www.informationbible.com/article-underwriting-of-shares-66023.html Sat, 28 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT A public company is required to sell a minimum number of shares (called minimum subscription) before getting a 'certificate of commencement of business. Shareholders http://www.informationbible.com/article-shareholders-66034.html Sat, 28 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The shareholders are the owners of a public company. Due to separation of ownership from control, all the shareholders do not take part in its management Rights of the shareholders http://www.informationbible.com/article-rights-of-the-shareholders-66039.html Sat, 28 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT In case of company, the shareholders are the owners but the management is entrusted to the -elected Board of Directors. However, there are certain rights which have been given to the shareholders. Liability of directors http://www.informationbible.com/article-liability-of-directors-66050.html Sat, 28 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The directors may incur liability in a number of ways. Chief executive http://www.informationbible.com/article-chief-executive-66051.html Sat, 28 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The Board of Directors of a company is the top organ of management of a company. However, i actual practice, the board appoints one of its directors as the Executive Chief. Secretary http://www.informationbible.com/article-secretary-66057.html Sat, 28 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The Secretary is a salaried officer of the company. His appointment as a whole time qualified secretary is made mandatory for a listed and single member company. Company annual general meeting http://www.informationbible.com/article-company-annual-general-meeting-66065.html Sat, 28 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT According to the Companies Ordinance, 1984, every company, without exception, shall hold a general meeting of its members every year. This annual general meeting is to be convened and held by the dir of the company. Company extra ordinary general meeting http://www.informationbible.com/article-company-extra-ordinary-general-meeting-66067.html Sat, 28 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Meaning All general meetings of a company other than annual general meeting and the statutory meeting shall be called extra-ordinary general meeting. Voluntary winding up of a company http://www.informationbible.com/article-voluntary-winding-up-of-a-company-66091.html Sat, 28 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The voluntary winding up of the company is of two kinds. (a) Members voluntary winding up, (b) Creditors voluntary winding up. Statutory report http://www.informationbible.com/article-statutory-report-66080.html Sat, 28 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Statutory report is the report which is sent by the Board of Directors to all the members of the company. This report is to be circulated at least 21 days before the date of the statutory meeting to all the members for consideration and discussion. Meetings of board of directors http://www.informationbible.com/article-meetings-of-board-of-directors-66081.html Sat, 28 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The shareholders elect the directors in the annual general meeting of the company. The elected directors manage the affairs of the company in accordance with the policy approved by the shareholders. Procedure and conduct at general meetings http://www.informationbible.com/article-procedure-and-conduct-at-general-meetings-66084.html Sat, 28 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The procedure of holding of general meeting is usually described in the articles of a company. The Companies Ordinance Section 160 also makes detailed provisions relating to the procedure to be observed in the conduct of company’s meeting. Voluntary winding up of a company subject to supervision of court http://www.informationbible.com/article-voluntary-winding-up-of-a-company-subject-to-supervision-of-court-66092.html Sat, 28 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT According to Companies Ordinance, a voluntary winding up of a company can also be carried under the strict supervision of the court. Three important legal documents of a joint stock company http://www.informationbible.com/article-three-important-legal-documents-of-a-joint-stock-company-64458.html Tue, 24 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The three legal basic documents of a joint stock company are (1) Memorandum of Association, (2) Articles of Association and (3) Prospectus. These are now discussed in brief. Subscription stage in formation of a public company http://www.informationbible.com/article-subscription-stage-in-formation-of-a-public-company-64430.html Tue, 24 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT A private company can commence business on receipt of certificate of incorporation. However, a public company has- to fulfill another requirement of subscription to obtain the certificate of commencement of business. Promotion stage in formation of a public company http://www.informationbible.com/article-promotion-stage-in-formation-of-a-public-company-64426.html Tue, 24 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT It is the first stage in the formation of a company. Promotion embraces all the activities which bring into being a public company to run a business. Memorandum of association of company http://www.informationbible.com/article-memorandum-of-association-of-company-64435.html Tue, 24 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Memorandum of Association is the basic document of a joint stock company. It is known as the Charter of the Company. It sets out the limits outside which the company cannot go. Company promoters and their functions http://www.informationbible.com/article-company-promoters-and-their-functions-64419.html Tue, 24 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The promoter is a business term. It is used to describe the person or persons who initially take all necessary steps to form a company with reference to a given object and set it going. Classification of promoters http://www.informationbible.com/article-classification-of-promoters-64421.html Tue, 24 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Promoters may further be divided into three classes Professional promoters, Occasional promoters, Promoters. Functions of a promoters http://www.informationbible.com/article-functions-of-a-promoters-64423.html Tue, 24 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The main functions of a promoter are as follow: To Discover an idea for establishing a company. Incorporation stage in formation of a public company http://www.informationbible.com/article-incorporation-stage-in-formation-of-a-public-company-64427.html Tue, 24 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The second step for establishment of a company is to get the company incorporated or registered. The promoters have to prepare and file a number of documents with the Registrar for the incorporation of a company. These documents are as under: Commencement stage in formation of a public company http://www.informationbible.com/article-commencement-stage-in-formation-of-a-public-company-64432.html Tue, 24 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT A declaration to the effect that shares payable in cash have been allotted up to the amount of the minimum subscription. Clauses of memorandum of association http://www.informationbible.com/article-clauses-of-memorandum-of-association-64439.html Tue, 24 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT This clause states the name of the company. A company may select any name but it should not resemble the name of any other company. It should also not contain the words like king, queen, emperor, government bodies, UNO, WHO etc. Articles of association http://www.informationbible.com/article-articles-of-association-64446.html Tue, 24 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT An article of association is a legal document second in importance to memorandum of association. The articles of association the regulations or by laws which govern the internal organization and conduct of a company. Prospectus of company http://www.informationbible.com/article-prospectus-of-company-64453.html Tue, 24 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT After the receipt of 'Certificate of Incorporation' from the Registrar of Companies, the promoters of a public company invite the public and financial institutions to subscribe to the capital of the company. A statement in lieu of prospectus http://www.informationbible.com/article-a-statement-in-lieu-of-prospectus-64456.html Tue, 24 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT If the promoters of a public company hope to get the subscription of capital from their own limited circle there is no need to issue prospectus to the public. The promoters shall have to file a statement in lieu of prospectus. Classes of capital http://www.informationbible.com/article-classes-of-capital-64464.html Tue, 24 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT This is the maximum amount of the capital which a company can issue. It is called Authorized Capital because the company has an authority to issue this much capital. Authorized or registered capital http://www.informationbible.com/article-authorized-or-registered-capital-64465.html Tue, 24 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT This is the maximum amount of the capital which a company can issue. It is called Authorized Capital because the company has an authority to issue this much capital. Issued and unissued capital http://www.informationbible.com/article-issued-and-unissued-capital-64466.html Tue, 24 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT A company issues shares according to its requirements. It may not require the entire capital at one time. The capital is issued along with Its development stage. Subscribed capital http://www.informationbible.com/article-subscribed-capital-64468.html Tue, 24 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The amount of issued capital only indicates the amount open for public subscription. Subscribed capital denotes the share capital taken up by the public. Called up capital http://www.informationbible.com/article-called-up-capital-64469.html Tue, 24 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT A company may not be in need of the entire amount of the capital subscribed to by the public. The amount due on the shares subscribed and allotted may be collected from the respective shareholders in installments at different intervals. Classes of shares http://www.informationbible.com/article-classes-of-shares-64471.html Tue, 24 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The capital of a company is divided in several small units and each unit is called a share'. A share in a company is one of the units into which the total capital of the company is divided. Characteristics of a company http://www.informationbible.com/article-characteristics-of-a-company-61756.html Mon, 16 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The analysis of the various definitions of a company brings out the following characteristics. Chief features of company form of organization http://www.informationbible.com/article-chief-features-of-company-form-of-organization-61758.html Mon, 16 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT A company is a corporate body. It enjoys a separate entity of its own which is distinct from its members that constitutes it. It can be set up by following the procedure laid down for this purpose under the law. Classification of companies types of companies http://www.informationbible.com/article-classification-of-companies-types-of-companies-61765.html Mon, 16 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The companies are generally of the following types. Chartered Company, Statutory Companies and Registered Company. Company limited by shares http://www.informationbible.com/article-company-limited-by-shares-61768.html Mon, 16 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Company limited by shares is the most important and popular among the registered -companies. It is a company which keeps the liability of its members limited up to the value of the shares purchased by them. Company limited by guarantee http://www.informationbible.com/article-company-limited-by-guarantee-61769.html Mon, 16 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Company limited by guarantee is the company in which the liability of its members is limited upto the amounts guaranteed by each member at the time of winding up the company. Unlimited company http://www.informationbible.com/article-unlimited-company-61770.html Mon, 16 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT An unlimited company is registered without any limit on the liability of their members. Not for profit company http://www.informationbible.com/article-not-for-profit-company-61772.html Mon, 16 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Association not for profit” is registered under Section 42 of the Companies Ordinance without the addition of the word ‘Limited’ to its name. Classification of company on the basis of ownership http://www.informationbible.com/article-classification-of-company-on-the-basis-of-ownership-61773.html Mon, 16 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The companies may be divided on the basis of ownership a under. Joint stock company http://www.informationbible.com/article-joint-stock-company-61774.html Mon, 16 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT A joint stock company is a voluntary association of individuals for profits having a capital divided into transferable shares, the ownership of which is the condition of membership. Advantages of a company form of organization http://www.informationbible.com/article-advantages-of-a-company-form-of-organization-61777.html Mon, 16 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The main advantages of the growth and popularity of Joint Stock Company over other forms of organizations are as follows: Disadvantages of company form of organization http://www.informationbible.com/article-disadvantages-of-company-form-of-organization-61778.html Mon, 16 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT There is no doubt that joint stock company enjoys certain distinct advantages of limited liability, greater permanence etc. but there are also certain abuses/draw backs which are associated with the joint stock company. Private limited company http://www.informationbible.com/article-private-limited-company-61779.html Mon, 16 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT A private limited company is a company which can be started and registered by two members. The private company suits the persons who wish to avail of the merits of limited liability and also keep the business as private as possible. Privileges of a private limited company http://www.informationbible.com/article-privileges-of-a-private-limited-company-61780.html Mon, 16 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT 1. It can be formed by 2 members but shall not exceed 50. 2. There are restrictions on filing the prospectus or statement in lieu of prospectus with the Registrar. Advantages of a private limited company http://www.informationbible.com/article-advantages-of-a-private-limited-company-61784.html Mon, 16 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The main advantages of a private limited company are as under: Disadvantages of a private limited company http://www.informationbible.com/article-disadvantages-of-a-private-limited-company-61786.html Mon, 16 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT he restrictions imposed under Section 2(25) of the Ordinance are regarded disadvantages of private company as compared with a public company. The restrictions or the disadvantages are as under: Conversion of private limiited company into public company http://www.informationbible.com/article-conversion-of-private-limiited-company-into-public-company-61789.html Mon, 16 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT A private company is formed to avail of the advantages of limited liability and the facilities of partnership organization. Fixed capital http://www.informationbible.com/article-fixed-capital-60791.html Thu, 12 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Fixed capital is the fund which is required for the purchase of those assets that are to be used over and over a long period. Such assets are land, building machinery, payment rights, copy rights and other overhead expense. Factors determining the requirements of fixed capital http://www.informationbible.com/article-factors-determining-the-requirements-of-fixed-capital-60792.html Thu, 12 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The main factors which determine the requirements of fixed capital in a business are as follows: Merits and demerits of equity and debt financing http://www.informationbible.com/article-merits-and-demerits-of-equity-and-debt-financing-60757.html Thu, 12 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT There are two main sources of raising capital for a business. (1) Owners and Creditors. The original funds invested by the owners plus profits retained in the business is called owned Capital or Equity Finance. Difference between interest and interest free financing of business http://www.informationbible.com/article-difference-between-interest-and-interest-free-financing-of-business-60784.html Thu, 12 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Capital is the life blood of any business whether it is operated on a small, medium or large scale. Capital is required to start and run the business. Creditors funds or debt financing http://www.informationbible.com/article-creditors-funds-or-debt-financing-60764.html Thu, 12 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The second source of raising capital for any business is the creditors funds also called credit financing or debt financing. Advantages of debt financing http://www.informationbible.com/article-advantages-of-debt-financing-60767.html Thu, 12 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The main advantages claimed of credit financing are as follows:- Disadvantages of credit financing http://www.informationbible.com/article-disadvantages-of-credit-financing-60769.html Thu, 12 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Payment of Interest. The business has to pay interest to the creditors regularly and the principal sum at the date when it is due without any regard to the financial condition of the business. Financial characteristics of owners position http://www.informationbible.com/article-financial-characteristics-of-owners-position-60773.html Thu, 12 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The sources of business funds are (1) Owners and (2) Creditors. Financial characteristics of the creditors position http://www.informationbible.com/article-financial-characteristics-of-the-creditors-position-60775.html Thu, 12 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The pot of the creditors as regards (1) Risk (2) Income and (3) control in business is as under:- Distinction between owners fund http://www.informationbible.com/article-distinction-between-owners-fund-60780.html Thu, 12 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The main points of distinction between owners fund and borrowed fund are as under: Sources of interest free financing in pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-sources-of-interest-free-financing-in-pakistan-60783.html Thu, 12 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT In Islamic economic system interest in all forms and at all levels is strictly prohibited. In Pakistan the Federal Shariat Court has held that interest whether simple or compound for productive or consumption purposes is covered within... Ploughing back of profits http://www.informationbible.com/article-ploughing-back-of-profits-60794.html Thu, 12 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT A stable company reinvests a certain percentage of profits into business. This process of reinvesting profits into business is called ploughing back of profits. Merits and demerits of ploughing back of profits http://www.informationbible.com/article-merits-and-demerits-of-ploughing-back-of-profits-60797.html Thu, 12 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The main advantages of ploughing back of profits to (a) company (b) shareholders and (c) society are as under:- Scope of electronic banking in pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-scope-of-electronic-banking-in-pakistan-59775.html Mon, 09 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The State Bank of Pakistan and other commercial banks are quite aware of the changing needs of the customers in Pakistan. Medium term finance http://www.informationbible.com/article-medium-term-finance-59811.html Mon, 09 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Medium term finance is defined as money raised for a period from one to five years. The medium term funds are required by a business mostly for the repair and modernizing of the machinery. Borrowed capital http://www.informationbible.com/article-borrowed-capital-59829.html Mon, 09 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The second source of funding to a business is the borrowed fund which is interest based. Borrowed fund consists of the amount raised by way of loans or credit. The borrowed fund is procured from the following sources. Factors affecting working capital http://www.informationbible.com/article-factors-affecting-working-capital-59806.html Mon, 09 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The working capital requirements of a business depends upon a number of ‘factors which in brief are as under:- Nature of the business, Size of the business, Length of period of manufacture, Methods of purchase and sale of commodities, and etc Business finance http://www.informationbible.com/article-business-finance-59790.html Mon, 09 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Business finance refers to money and credit employed in a business. It flows in mostly from sale of goods and services. It flows out for meeting various types of expenditure Scope of electronic banking http://www.informationbible.com/article-scope-of-electronic-banking-59774.html Mon, 09 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The traditional mode of banking is manual It is paper based It is now no longer acceptable in the changing global economy. Importance of finance http://www.informationbible.com/article-importance-of-finance-59793.html Mon, 09 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Before the advent of industrial Revolution, finance was not of much importance. The methods of production were very simple. Kinds of finance http://www.informationbible.com/article-kinds-of-finance-59798.html Mon, 09 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT There are two kinds of financial or capital requirements of a business. First there is the capital which is required by a business to own durable assets such as building land machinery, etc. Electronic banking http://www.informationbible.com/article-electronic-banking-59773.html Mon, 09 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Electronic banking is also called Cyber banking, Virtual banking and On-line banking. E-banking is now one of the wonders of modern computer technology. Benefits of electronic banking http://www.informationbible.com/article-benefits-of-electronic-banking-59778.html Mon, 09 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Electronic banking is also known as home banking and on line banking. Electronic bankin9 started with the use of proprietary software. Owners capital http://www.informationbible.com/article-owners-capital-59828.html Mon, 09 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Owner’s fund also called owned capital or ownership capital consists of the amount contributed by owners as well as the profits invested in business. Characteristics of business finance http://www.informationbible.com/article-characteristics-of-business-finance-59792.html Mon, 09 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Briefly the main characteristics of business finance are as under. Financial needs of business http://www.informationbible.com/article-financial-needs-of-business-59794.html Mon, 09 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Purchase of Fixed Assets. Finance is required for meeting the cost of fixed assets such as land, building, machinery and other necessaries for establishing a new enterprise. Working capital http://www.informationbible.com/article-working-capital-59800.html Mon, 09 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Working capital is the amount of funds invested in the current assets of a business. It is a short term capital. Types of working capital http://www.informationbible.com/article-types-of-working-capital-59801.html Mon, 09 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT There are two types of working capital (1) Revolving Capital and (2) Permanent or regular working capital. Types of business finance http://www.informationbible.com/article-types-of-business-finance-59808.html Mon, 09 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT All businesses, small ones and big units require finance. They need money for investment in fixed asset such as land, building, machinery etc. Short term finance http://www.informationbible.com/article-short-term-finance-59809.html Mon, 09 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Short term finance is defined as money raised for a period normally of less than one year. Long term finance http://www.informationbible.com/article-long-term-finance-59814.html Mon, 09 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Long term finance, is defined as money raised for a period in excess of five years. The long term finance is mostly used by the business concerns for the purchase of fixed assets, modernization and expansion of business. Sources of company financing http://www.informationbible.com/article-sources-of-company-financing-59827.html Mon, 09 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Sole proprietorship and partnership forms of business organizations are mostly run on small scale basis. They generally meet their fixed and working capital requirements from their owned capital. Criteria laid down for setting up new banks in pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-criteria-laid-down-for-setting-up-new-banks-in-pakistan-59477.html Sun, 08 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The proposed banks would be a public limited company. It would be listed on stock exchange. A minimum of 20% of shares shall be offered to the public. Types of leases http://www.informationbible.com/article-types-of-leases-59504.html Sun, 08 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT A leasing is an arrangement whereby an asset owner (Leassor) confers the right of usage of the asset to the lessee, in return for a rental, for a specific period of time. In leasing, the ownership of the property or asset remains with the lessor. Function of the idbp pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-function-of-the-idbp-pakistan-59485.html Sun, 08 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Provides medium and long term loans in local and foreign currency for the establishment of new industrial units and for modernization and replacements of existing units in the private sector. Difference between islamic interest and islamic mark up http://www.informationbible.com/article-difference-between-islamic-interest-and-islamic-mark-up-59506.html Sun, 08 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The main points of difference between mark up and interest are as follows:-- Role of zarai taraqiati bank limited ztbl in pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-role-of-zarai-taraqiati-bank-limited-ztbl-in-pakistan-59483.html Sun, 08 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT rai Taraqiati Bank Limited formerly known as Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan is now one the main credit supplier to the agricultural sector in the country. Small and medium enterprises bank ltd pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-small-and-medium-enterprises-bank-ltd-pakistan-59486.html Sun, 08 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The Government of Pakistan set up Small and Medium Enterprises Bank (SME Bank) by amalgamating Small Business Finance Corporation (SBFC) and Regional Development Finance Corporation (RDFC). Basic principles of islamic finance http://www.informationbible.com/article-basic-principles-of-islamic-finance-59491.html Sun, 08 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The basic principles of Islamic finance are as follows: Difference between central bank and a commercial bank http://www.informationbible.com/article-difference-between-central-bank-and-a-commercial-bank-59489.html Sun, 08 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The organization, pi and functions of a central bank and, a commercial bank are basically different from each other. Privatization of nationalized banks in pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-privatization-of-nationalized-banks-in-pakistan-59476.html Sun, 08 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Privatization is the general process of involving, the private sector in the ownership or operation of a state owned enterprise. Privatization includes the following three sets of measures. Principles of sound banking system http://www.informationbible.com/article-principles-of-sound-banking-system-59482.html Sun, 08 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The co, banks are the back bone of an econ developed or Underdeveloped. It is very essential that they should be developed on sound footing and should be capable of responding to the challenges of the 21st century. Evaluation of privatization of banks http://www.informationbible.com/article-evaluation-of-privatization-of-banks-59478.html Sun, 08 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The policy of nationalization of banks and then of denationalization is to be viewed with serious concern. The main issues involved in this policy are as under. Role of foreign banks in pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-role-of-foreign-banks-in-pakistan-59479.html Sun, 08 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The foreign banks are playing an important role in the economic development of the country. The total number of foreign scheduled banks in Pakistan are 20 as on 01 06 2005 with 68 branches operating in Pakistan. Cooperative bank in pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-cooperative-bank-in-pakistan-59480.html Sun, 08 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The cooperative bank is registered under the Cooperative Societies Act 1925. The main purpose of establishing the cooperative bank is to provide credit in the field of agriculture. Industrial development bank of pakistan idbp http://www.informationbible.com/article-industrial-development-bank-of-pakistan-idbp-59484.html Sun, 08 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The Industrial Development Bank of Pakistan is one of the leading financial institutions c Pakistan. It was established in 1961. Khushhali bank pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-khushhali-bank-pakistan-59487.html Sun, 08 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The Khushhali Bank was established in 2001 ‘with a paid capital of Rs. 1.7 billion. The share capital of the bank is Rs. 5 billion. Khushhali Bank is the first micro finance bank established under the Micro Finance Sector Development Program MSDP. Micro finance bank ltd pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-micro-finance-bank-ltd-pakistan-59488.html Sun, 08 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The first Micro Finance Bank Ltd. (MFB) was granted license in Jan., 2002. It is to operate as a country wide in the private sector. The bank has a paid up capital of Rs.660 million. Evolution of islamic banking system in pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-evolution-of-islamic-banking-system-in-pakistan-59490.html Sun, 08 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Pakistan was created in the name of Islam in 1947 Since then there is a pressing demand particularly from the religious leaders that interest should be eliminated from the financial system of Pakistan. Main instruments of islamic finance http://www.informationbible.com/article-main-instruments-of-islamic-finance-59497.html Sun, 08 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The main instruments of Islamic Financing areas under: Participation Term Certificate, Musharika, Modaraba and Leasing. Islamic loans financing by lending http://www.informationbible.com/article-islamic-loans-financing-by-lending-59499.html Sun, 08 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT There are two instruments of lending under the caption ‘’Loans Financing by Lending’’ as approved by the State Bank of Pakistan. These modes are (i) Interest free loans with service charges and (ii) Qarze Hasna. Qarz e hasna http://www.informationbible.com/article-qarz-e-hasna-59501.html Sun, 08 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Under the Qarze-Hasna Scheme interest free loans are granted by the nationalized banks to the students who do not have sufficient means to pursue their education. Trade related modes of financing http://www.informationbible.com/article-trade-related-modes-of-financing-59502.html Sun, 08 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The State Bank of Pakistan has approved five trade related modes of financing. They in brief are:- Mark down, Leasing, Hire Purchase, Istisna and etc. Investment modes of financing musharika modaraba articipation term certificate equity participation rent sharing http://www.informationbible.com/article-investment-modes-of-financing-musharika-modaraba-articipation-term-certificate-equity-participation-rent-sharing-59503.html Sun, 08 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT There are five investment modes of financing. They are: (1) Musharika (2) Modaraba (3) Participation Term Certificate (4) Equity Participation (5) Rent sharing. Growth of banking in pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-growth-of-banking-in-pakistan-58977.html Fri, 06 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT At the time of the Partition, the total number of commercial banks was 38. Out of these, the Pakistani banks were 2, Indian Banks 29 and exchange banks 7. Commercial banking in pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-commercial-banking-in-pakistan-58985.html Fri, 06 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Commercial banks as has already been stated play a key role in the regeneration of economic activity in the country. Nationalization of banks in pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-nationalization-of-banks-in-pakistan-58999.html Fri, 06 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The People’s Party Government led by late Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto nationalized all banks under the Nationalization of Bank Act, 1974. Challenges faced by commercial banking in pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-challenges-faced-by-commercial-banking-in-pakistan-58994.html Fri, 06 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT There is a mini revolution in the financial sector of the economy, in Pakistan. Merits and demerits of nationalization http://www.informationbible.com/article-merits-and-demerits-of-nationalization-59000.html Fri, 06 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The main arguments for and against nationalization of banks are as under:- The importance of commercial banks http://www.informationbible.com/article-the-importance-of-commercial-banks-58969.html Fri, 06 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Banks play a vital role in the economic development of a country. They accumulate the idle savings of the people and make them available for investment. The main reasons for the deficiency of capital accumulation in pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-the-main-reasons-for-the-deficiency-of-capital-accumulation-in-pakistan-58971.html Fri, 06 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The main reasons for the deficiency of capital accumulation in Pakistan are as under:- Steps to restore normal banking facilities in pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-steps-to-restore-normal-banking-facilities-in-pakistan-58980.html Fri, 06 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The Government of Pakistan was quite aware of the serious banking situation caused by the withdrawal of deposits and wholesale migration of banking staff to India. Inter dominion agreement of banking in pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-inter-dominion-agreement-of-banking-in-pakistan-58982.html Fri, 06 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The Government of Pakistan tried to provide all kinds of facilities with sincerity to the non-Muslim bankers for restoring normal banking facilities in the country but the response was discouraging. Review of banking system in pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-review-of-banking-system-in-pakistan-58989.html Fri, 06 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The banking system in Pakistan, now, comprises commercial banks, foreign commercial banks, development financial institutions, investment banks, leasing companies and modarabas. Role of commercial banks in the economic development of pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-role-of-commercial-banks-in-the-economic-development-of-pakistan-58990.html Fri, 06 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Banks play an important role in the economic development of a country. It the banking system is unorganized and inefficient, it creates maladjustments and impediments in the process of development. National bank of pakistan nbp http://www.informationbible.com/article-national-bank-of-pakistan-nbp-58996.html Fri, 06 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT National Bank of Pakistan (NBP) was established in 1949. Its head office is in Karachi. The bank is engaged in commercial banking and related services in Pakistan and overseas. Autonomy for state bank of pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-autonomy-for-state-bank-of-pakistan-58644.html Thu, 05 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Mr. Moeen Qureshi, the Former Caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan raised the State Banks autonomy by amending the State Bank of Pakistan Act 1956 through an Ordinance. The Role of the state bank and autonomy http://www.informationbible.com/article-role-of-the-state-bank-and-autonomy-58646.html Thu, 05 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The State Bank of Pakistan since its establishment in 1948 is performing central banking functions. It has the monopoly of note issue (ii) acts as fiscal agent for the Government (iii) Supervises the operations of commercial banks and holds... State bank of pakistan as controller of credit http://www.informationbible.com/article-state-bank-of-pakistan-as-controller-of-credit-58649.html Thu, 05 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The State Bank of Pakistan acts also as controller of credit. Credit control is the regulation of credit by the central bank. Curtailing sbp autonomy pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-curtailing-sbp-autonomy-pakistan-58648.html Thu, 05 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The previous PPP Government led by Mst. Banezir Bhutto has amended the State Bank Ordinance and reduced the autonomy of State Bank on January 1, 1994. Us forces kill osama bin laden in pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-us-forces-kill-osama-bin-laden-in-pakistan-57711.html Mon, 02 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Osama Bin Laden, the mastermind behind the Sept. 11, 2001, terror attacks that killed thousands of Americans, was slain in his luxury hideout in Pakistan early Monday in a firefight with U.S forces, ending a manhunt that spanned a frustrating decade. Cowboys may have hurt themselves with second round pick http://www.informationbible.com/article-cowboys-may-have-hurt-themselves-with-second-round-pick-57488.html Sun, 01 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The Dallas Cowboys kept their streak alive of drafting inside linebackers coming off major knee surgeries. Panthers take players with winning pedigrees http://www.informationbible.com/article-panthers-take-players-with-winning-pedigrees-57487.html Sun, 01 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The Carolina Panthers were the "it" team heading into the opening of the NFL draft Thursday, as the franchise owned the top pick in the draft for the first time ever. Kate middleton will forever wear the ghost of diana on her finger http://www.informationbible.com/article-kate-middleton-will-forever-wear-the-ghost-of-diana-on-her-finger-57465.html Sun, 01 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Kate Middleton would have been adored by Princess Diana if she were still alive, according to the late Princess Diana’s long time confidant and butler, Paul Burrell. The ghost of princess diana haunts lifetime william and kate movie http://www.informationbible.com/article-the-ghost-of-princess-diana-haunts-lifetime-william-and-kate-movie-57466.html Sun, 01 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT The ghost of Princess Diana haunts "William and Kate," in an overly dramatized Lifetime original movie based on the relationship between Prince William and bride-to-be Kate Middleton. Princess kate title is technically incorrect http://www.informationbible.com/article-princess-kate-title-is-technically-incorrect-57467.html Sun, 01 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT No doubt Catherine Middleton's marriage this month to Prince William will similarly change her into "Princess Kate" in the eyes and words of reporters everywhere. However, neither is correct. Why prince williams wife will not be called as princess kate http://www.informationbible.com/article-why-prince-williams-wife-will-not-be-called-as-princess-kate-57468.html Sun, 01 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Prince William's wife Kate will now be called as Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Cambridge and not Princess Kate. Princess kate wants to visit new zealand http://www.informationbible.com/article-princess-kate-wants-to-visit-new-zealand-57469.html Sun, 01 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Royal newly-wed The Duchess of Cambridge is desperate to come to New Zealand - but she isn't having a Kiwi honeymoon. Lions take chances in second round http://www.informationbible.com/article-lions-take-chances-in-second-round-57489.html Sun, 01 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Martin Mayhew has given himself the sternest test in his four-season reign as general manager of the Lions with his strategy in this year's draft. Prince william and kate middleton will not honeymoon right away http://www.informationbible.com/article-prince-william-and-kate-middleton-will-not-honeymoon-right-away-57494.html Sun, 01 May 2011 13:00:00 GMT Prince William and Kate Middleton have had quite the 24 hours: They got hitched Friday morning at Westminster Abbey, then had a royal reception at Buckingham Palace, where the royal couple and a select 300 guests danced and partied the night away. Magical wedding for a royal bride prince william and kate middleton wedding photos http://www.informationbible.com/article-magical-wedding-for-a-royal-bride-prince-william-and-kate-middleton-wedding-photos-57305.html Sat, 30 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Two tiny, softly-spoken words cut the pin-drop silence of a dumbstruck Westminster Abbey and sent cheers ringing from Whitehall to Bucklebury to Papua New Guinea: ‘I will.’ The eight tiered royal wedding cake decorated with 900 symbolic sugar paste flowers on kate request http://www.informationbible.com/article-the-eight-tiered-royal-wedding-cake-decorated-with-900-symbolic-sugar-paste-flowers-on-kate-request-57310.html Sat, 30 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT They celebrated their love for each other today in a lavish Royal Wedding ceremony at Westminster Abbey and this is the extraordinary cake that they enjoyed at the reception. Establishment of state bank of pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-establishment-of-state-bank-of-pakistan-54823.html Thu, 21 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Immediately after Partition, the newly born State was faced with a serious banking situation due to the wholesale migration of the banking staff to India. State bank of pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-state-bank-of-pakistan-54822.html Thu, 21 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT At the time of Independence, the immediate arid foremost task of the Government of Pakistan was to establish a Central Bank so that it should have an independent currency and banking system. Functions of state bank of pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-functions-of-state-bank-of-pakistan-54827.html Thu, 21 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The functions of State Bank of Pakistan are governed by the State Bank of Pakistan Act, 1956. Functions of banking services corporation http://www.informationbible.com/article-functions-of-banking-services-corporation-54830.html Thu, 21 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT (i) Revenue Collection, (ii) It will maintain the accounts of Federal Government, (iii) It will also work as clearing house for commercial banks. Role of state bank in economic development http://www.informationbible.com/article-role-of-state-bank-in-economic-development-54832.html Thu, 21 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) was established on July 1, 1948. Since its establishment, besides performing its traditional functions, it is undertaking a number of developmental and promotional functions in. Distinguish among the bank loans bank draft and cash http://www.informationbible.com/article-distinguish-among-the-bank-loans-bank-draft-and-cash-52621.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The commercial banks make advances to the borrowers generally for short periods. The advances take the form of cash credit overdraft bills discounted and loans. Termination of guarantee http://www.informationbible.com/article-termination-of-guarantee-52668.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The guarantee of a person or firm is automatically revoked under the following conditions unless otherwise agreed among the three parties. Letter of credit lc http://www.informationbible.com/article-letter-of-credit-lc-52755.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT There are a number of factors which are involved in the overseas business. Effects of bank rate police http://www.informationbible.com/article-effects-of-bank-rate-police-52838.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The central bank’ is very cautions in its discount policy. While advancing loans to member banks, it carefully examines the purpose for which the loan is being required and its probable effect on the credit conditions in the economy. The channels of export trade http://www.informationbible.com/article-the-channels-of-export-trade-52855.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT There are four main channels of exporting goods in the foreign countries: (1) Selling from the country; (2) Selling via overseas agents (3) Selling from the overseas base especially established for this purpose. Methods of note issue http://www.informationbible.com/article-methods-of-note-issue-52797.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Both the principles of, note issue mentioned above, have serious defects. The monetary experts’ by coordinating the advantages of both the principles have evolved various systems or methods of notes issue. Parties to a commercial letter of credit http://www.informationbible.com/article-parties-to-a-commercial-letter-of-credit-52771.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The buyer or the importer who applies to the bank for the opening of a letter of credit (L/C). Clearance house http://www.informationbible.com/article-clearance-house-52840.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A clearing house is an association of commercial banks set up in a given locality for the purpose of interchange and settlement of credit claims. What is monetary policy http://www.informationbible.com/article-what-is-monetary-policy-52799.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The primary function of the central bank of a country is to control the money and credit supply in the country according to the development needs of the country. In Pakistan, the State Bank of Pakistan regulates the flow of money in the economy. Advances on stocks and shares and life policies http://www.informationbible.com/article-advances-on-stocks-and-shares-and-life-policies-52681.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT We have discussed in the previous articles that banks sometimes make advances on the contract of a guarantee only the loan advanced on a surety contract is not a safe loan and thus the bank is generally reluctant to invest in such a risky enterprise. Open market operations http://www.informationbible.com/article-open-market-operations-52809.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT There are three basic instruments of credit control namely:- (1) Open Market Operations (2) Discount policy and (3) Changes in Reserve Requirement. Functions of a central bank http://www.informationbible.com/article-functions-of-a-central-bank-52780.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Central bank is the top national institution. Its chief responsibility is to regulate the flow of, money and credit in the country. Advantages of life policies as securities http://www.informationbible.com/article-advantages-of-life-policies-as-securities-52700.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The life policies have several advantages and disadvantage as securities for the loans. The main advantages are: (1) The method of securing loan is simply. (2) The surrender value of the security increases with the passage of time etc. Negotiable securities and forms of negotiability http://www.informationbible.com/article-negotiable-securities-and-forms-of-negotiability-52686.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The commercial banks can safely advance loans against fully negotiable securities. The negotiable securities are those which are transferable or negotiable by endorsement or delivery or merely by delivery. Hypothecation http://www.informationbible.com/article-hypothecation-52641.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Hypothecation is defined as a “legal transaction whereby goods may be made available as security for a debt without transferring property or the possession to the lender.” What is a commercial letter of credit http://www.informationbible.com/article-what-is-a-commercial-letter-of-credit-52757.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Foreign trade payment problem is mainly solved by a commercial letter by credit. A letter of credit is issued by the importer’s bank. Mortgages land and buildings http://www.informationbible.com/article-mortgages-land-and-buildings-52647.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT In the post war era, the commercial banks have started lending on immovable property which includes land buildings, etc. The borrowers transfer the interest in property to the bank for obtaining loans. What is mortgage http://www.informationbible.com/article-what-is-mortgage-52640.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A mortgage is the transfer of an interest in a specific immovable property for the purpose of securing the money advanced by way of loan, an existing or future debt. Modes of lending http://www.informationbible.com/article-modes-of-lending-52635.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The role of the banker as a lender is very important. While sanctioning loan, he secures the loan in one way or the other. Mortgage and its kinds http://www.informationbible.com/article-mortgage-and-its-kinds-52651.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A mortgage is a written contract between the borrower called mortgagor and the lender called mortgagee. Merits of clearing houses http://www.informationbible.com/article-merits-of-clearing-houses-52841.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The main advantages of a clearing house are as under:-- The settlement of mutual obligations of commercial banks through the clearing house is economical and safe. Bank advances http://www.informationbible.com/article-bank-advances-52576.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A bank is a profit seeking institution. It attracts surplus balances from the customers at low rate of interest and makes advances at higher rates of interest to the individuals and firms. Overdraft running finance http://www.informationbible.com/article-overdraft-running-finance-52578.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT An overdraft is a fluctuating or running account wherein a customer arranges with his bank to permit him to overdraw his current account (known as overdraft O/D) up to a fixed limit for a short period. Cash finance cash credit http://www.informationbible.com/article-cash-finance-cash-credit-52584.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Cash finance also named as cash credit is a common form of lending by commercial banks. A cash credit is an arrangement by which a banker allows his customer to borrow money up to a certain limit. Difference between an overdraft and cash credit http://www.informationbible.com/article-difference-between-an-overdraft-and-cash-credit-52599.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The main points of difference between an overdraft and cash credit are as follows. Term finance http://www.informationbible.com/article-term-finance-52609.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The commercial banks, since some time back have started advancing finance in large amounts for fairly long periods to industry and agriculture sectors. Purchasing of bills http://www.informationbible.com/article-purchasing-of-bills-52610.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The commercial banks sometime purchase the clean and documentary bills of exchange on commission. These bills are demand bills and are purchased only from the approved customers of the bank. Discounting of bill http://www.informationbible.com/article-discounting-of-bill-52614.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Purchasing and discounting of bills of exchange is another short term method of profitable investment of banks funds Bills of exchange can e discounted on rebate before its due date. The rebate or discount is earning of the bank. The main advantages of discounting of bills of exchange http://www.informationbible.com/article-the-main-advantages-of-discounting-of-bills-of-exchange-52615.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT he bank by discounting the clean or documentary bill advances the amount to the payee. Essentials of a good securities http://www.informationbible.com/article-essentials-of-a-good-securities-52619.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A security is an interest or a right in property given to the creditor to convert it into cash in case the debtor fails to meet the principal and interest on loan. Types of loans http://www.informationbible.com/article-types-of-loans-52624.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The commercial bank sanctions three types of loan to business (i) short term loans (2) medium term loan and (3) long term loan. Precautions while sanctioning advances http://www.informationbible.com/article-precautions-while-sanctioning-advances-52626.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT While lending money, the bank takes all types of precautions for its safety. The loans are mostly sanctioned against tangible assets such as goods, fixed assets, gold, securities etc. Bankers lien http://www.informationbible.com/article-bankers-lien-52636.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A lien is the right to retain property in its possession till its (banker’s (dues are cleared. Lien gives a person only a right to retain the possession of the goods and not the power to sell. Rights and Duties of a banker as a pledgee http://www.informationbible.com/article-rights-and-duties-of-a-banker-as-a-pledgee-52637.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A pledge is a contract whereby a good is deposited with the lender as security for repayment of the loan. Life Policies http://www.informationbible.com/article-life-policies-52694.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A life policy is a contract between a certain person and an insurance company in which the insurance company promises to pay a stated sum of money either on his death or on his attainment... Preliminary enquiries for advances against real estate as security http://www.informationbible.com/article-preliminary-enquiries-for-advances-against-real-estate-as-security-52648.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT There is no doubt that the loans against real estate as security are not popular with the bankers. However, during the last few decades, the loans on real estates are growing and are an important part of the loan portfolio of the commercial banks. Mortgage characteristics http://www.informationbible.com/article-mortgage-characteristics-52653.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The main essentials of the mortgage are as under Characteristics of Mortgage. Kinds of mortgage http://www.informationbible.com/article-kinds-of-mortgage-52654.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT There are mainly six kinds of mortgage: They are: (1) Simple Mortgage (2) Mortgage by Conditional Sale (3) Usufructuary Mortgage (4) English Mortgage (5) Mortgage by deposit of Title Deeds and (6) Anomalous Mortgage. Rights and liabilities of a mortgagor http://www.informationbible.com/article-rights-and-liabilities-of-a-mortgagor-52655.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT There are different types of mortgage which confer different rights and liabilities to the mortgagors. The main rights and liabilities of the mortgagors are as follows:- Rights and liabilities of a mortgagee http://www.informationbible.com/article-rights-and-liabilities-of-a-mortgagee-52657.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The mortgagee has the right to sell the property in case the loan is not paid on due date by the mortgagor. The mortgagee after obtaining a decree from the Court sells the property in open auction. Definition of guarantee http://www.informationbible.com/article-definition-of-guarantee-52660.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A guarantee is an undertaking given by a person to be answerable for the debt, default or miscarriage of another person. Characteristics of guarantee http://www.informationbible.com/article-characteristics-of-guarantee-52666.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The main characteristics of guarantee are as under:- Three Parties, Primary Liability of Principal Debtor and Guarantor has no interest in the Contract Entered. Joint and several guarantees http://www.informationbible.com/article-joint-and-several-guarantees-52667.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT If more than one person co-operate in giving of a guarantee, the guarantors will be answerable for the debt depending on the agreement: (1) Jointly; (2) separately; (3) jointly and separately both. Obligations of the bankers http://www.informationbible.com/article-obligations-of-the-bankers-52669.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT OBLIGATIONS OF THE BANKERS The main obligations of the bankers in the contract of agreement are as follows:- Advantages of guarantees http://www.informationbible.com/article-advantages-of-guarantees-52672.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The main advantages of guarantees as a form of security to the banker are as follows:-- Disadvantages of guarantees http://www.informationbible.com/article-disadvantages-of-guarantees-52673.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The bank undertakes great risk by advancing lo on sureties. The guarantor may lose all his property during the period of loan contract. If the debtor fails to pay the debt, the bank cannot recover the amount from the two parties. Stock exchange securities http://www.informationbible.com/article-stock-exchange-securities-52682.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Stock exchange securities as the name signifies are those securities which are quoted on the stock exchange. Non negotiable securities http://www.informationbible.com/article-non-negotiable-securities-52688.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT We have already discussed in the previous section that negotiable securities provide cover for an advance provided the banker acts in good faith and for value. Methods of mortgaging shares http://www.informationbible.com/article-methods-of-mortgaging-shares-52690.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A registered share-holder for obtaining loans can mortgage his shares either by legal or equitable method. Principles of note issue http://www.informationbible.com/article-principles-of-note-issue-52795.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT There are two principles of note issue, one is called the Currency Principle and the other is named as Banking Principle. Both these principles are contradictory to each other. Parties to a letter of credit http://www.informationbible.com/article-parties-to-a-letter-of-credit-52759.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT There are four parties involved in a letter of credit namely :-- Account party, Issuing bank, Issuing bank and Paying or negotiating bank. How a commercial letter of credit is opened http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-a-commercial-letter-of-credit-is-opened-52761.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The first step to obtain L/C for the importer is to prepare an application on the prescribed form available from the bank. Types of letters of credit http://www.informationbible.com/article-types-of-letters-of-credit-52765.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT There are various classes or kinds of letters of credit. The important of them are: (1) Irrevocable credit, (2) Revocable credit. (3) Confirmed credit. (4) Unconfirmed credit. (5) Documentary Credit. (6) Clean letter of credit. (7) Fixed credit. Importance of letter of credit http://www.informationbible.com/article-importance-of-letter-of-credit-52767.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The banks charge nominal commission on financing the import and export shipment, whereas the handling costs of the shipping documents is normally greater than the amount received as commission for issuing or discounting the letters of credit. What is a letter of credit summarized http://www.informationbible.com/article-what-is-a-letter-of-credit-summarized-52770.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Trade between countries is financed mainly through letter of credit. A letter of credit is an undertaking by the importing country s banker that bills drawn on it will be duly honoured on compliance with the terms and conditions of the credit. How a letter of credit is opened http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-a-letter-of-credit-is-opened-52773.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The main steps involved in the opening of the letter of credit are as follows. What is central banking system http://www.informationbible.com/article-what-is-central-banking-system-52779.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Before the World War First, there were only a few countries which had their own central banks. After the War, the number of central banks has increased and now there is not a single country in the world which does not have its own central bank. Central banks monopoly of note issue http://www.informationbible.com/article-central-banks-monopoly-of-note-issue-52786.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT One of the very important functions of the early banks was to issue their own notes. This led to much confusion and widespread distress among the people because banks began to over-issue notes. Central bank as the governments banker http://www.informationbible.com/article-central-bank-as-the-governments-banker-52798.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Central bank, in each country, has now been assigned the responsibility of acting as fiscal agent to the government. Previously, this duty was performed by a large number of government treasuries spread all over the country. Tools of monetary policy http://www.informationbible.com/article-tools-of-monetary-policy-52804.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The main tools or weapons available to the central bank for influencing the level of economic activity in a country are as follows. Central bank as custodian of cash reserves http://www.informationbible.com/article-central-bank-as-custodian-of-cash-reserves-52805.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT There are three basic instruments of monetary policy or credit control. These are (1) Member Bank Reserve requirements (2) Discount Policy and (3) Open Market Operations These tools or weapons of monetary policy are now discussed in brief: Advantages of reserve requirement http://www.informationbible.com/article-advantages-of-reserve-requirement-52807.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT When central bank changes the percentage reserve requirement for controlling the volume of credit, it has an immediate impact on the deposits and credit of all member banks. Discount policy or bank rate policy http://www.informationbible.com/article-discount-policy-or-bank-rate-policy-52837.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The central bank mainly relies on open market operations to regulate the volume of member bank reserves. However, the importance of discount policy in controlling, the bank credit is also of considerable importance. Import licensing regulation in pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-import-licensing-regulation-in-pakistan-52850.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT There are a good number of commodities which are on the Open General Licence (O.G.L.). A large number of commodities other than placed on the O.G.L. are imported by obtaining import licences from the Import Trade Controlle. Limitations of discount policy http://www.informationbible.com/article-limitations-of-discount-policy-52839.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The discount policy is effective if the following conditions are fulfilled:- (1) The discount policy is successful only if the money market is compact uniform and sensitive to the charges in the bank rate. Role of central bank in underdeveloped money market http://www.informationbible.com/article-role-of-central-bank-in-underdeveloped-money-market-52844.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Money Market consists of all the institutions which are engaged in the borrowing and lending of short term funds. Export and import transactions commodity barter http://www.informationbible.com/article-export-and-import-transactions-commodity-barter-52846.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT In the earliest stages of man as a commercial animal the exchange of products were conducted by a method known as a Barter. Barter when considered in its pure form involves the direct exchange of goods for goods Trade and barter agreements of pakistan with other countries http://www.informationbible.com/article-trade-and-barter-agreements-of-pakistan-with-other-countries-52847.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The principal objective of these pacts has been to tap marketing avenues Pakistan manufactured commodities in addition to expanding the market for primary commodities semi manufactured goods which still constitutes the bulk of our national exports. Import licence http://www.informationbible.com/article-import-licence-52849.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT If the balance of payments of a country is unfavourable in perpetuity, the government of a country imposes quantitative restrictions on the import trade so that equilibrium is restored in the balance of payments. Cash transactions http://www.informationbible.com/article-cash-transactions-52851.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The word ‘transaction’ is meant the transfer of goods or services from one person to another. When one party supplies goods or services to another party in return for immediate payment it is called cash transaction. Foreign trade http://www.informationbible.com/article-foreign-trade-52852.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT In the modern world all the countries of the world whether they are developed or underdeveloped are preoccupied with the problem of selling the merchandise in the foreign countries Practical difficulties in foreign trade http://www.informationbible.com/article-practical-difficulties-in-foreign-trade-52853.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT An exporter is faced with multiple problems while selling his goods overseas. The main problems facing the exporter are as follows: Financing of exports http://www.informationbible.com/article-financing-of-exports-52856.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT There are many specialized techniques which have been developed in the past centuries for the financing of foreign trade. Handling of import and export documents http://www.informationbible.com/article-handling-of-import-and-export-documents-52857.html Thu, 14 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT There are a host of problems which an exporter or an importer has to face in the overseas trade. Unless the overseas trade is properly documented, the exporter cannot receive payment and the importer cannot make it. Societies and other non trading institutions http://www.informationbible.com/article-societies-and-other-non-trading-institutions-52379.html Wed, 13 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT If a society which may be a club, school, cooperative society, hospital etc., wishes to open an account with a bank the banker should take the following precautions in opening and operation of the account. Sources of bank funds http://www.informationbible.com/article-sources-of-bank-funds-52397.html Wed, 13 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A bank is a business firm. Its main aim is to earn profit. In order to achieve this objective it provides services to the customers. It offers a variety of interest bearing obligations to the public. Trust http://www.informationbible.com/article-trust-52378.html Wed, 13 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A trust is created only for lawful purpose. Any person who is competent to contract can create a trust which must be for a property transferable to the beneficiary. Basic factors determining the volume of credit http://www.informationbible.com/article-basic-factors-determining-the-volume-of-credit-52394.html Wed, 13 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The credit and debit operations appear usually in economic and financial transactions. The creditor surrenders something of value at one point of time in exchange for debtor promise to pay in the future. Sources of credit information http://www.informationbible.com/article-sources-of-credit-information-52393.html Wed, 13 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The main sources of getting, information regarding five C’s of credit, *., character, capacity, capital, collateral and conditions of the .prospective borrower are as follows: Different types of bank customers http://www.informationbible.com/article-different-types-of-bank-customers-52369.html Wed, 13 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Every commercial bank is anxious to increase its customers. However, every one cannot be accepted as its customer. Joint account holders http://www.informationbible.com/article-joint-account-holders-52376.html Wed, 13 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Joint account is a bank account which is opened in more than one name. The persons who are authorized to operate the joint account are called joint account holders. Principles of advances http://www.informationbible.com/article-principles-of-advances-52396.html Wed, 13 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The operations of the commercial banks are two sided. One side involves the attracting and holding the funds of the customers. Meaning of customer http://www.informationbible.com/article-meaning-of-customer-52382.html Wed, 13 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A customer is a person who maintains a regular account with the bank without taking into consideration the duration and frequency of operation of his account. Partnership accounts http://www.informationbible.com/article-partnership-accounts-52377.html Wed, 13 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Partnership is the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of the business carried on by all or any of them acting for all. Joint company as a customer http://www.informationbible.com/article-joint-company-as-a-customer-52380.html Wed, 13 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A joint stock company is an association of individuals for the purpose of profit; possessing .a common capital contributed by the members constituting it, such capital being commonly divided into shares. Relationship between banker and customer http://www.informationbible.com/article-relationship-between-banker-and-customer-52383.html Wed, 13 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The relationship between banker and customer is of utmost importance If is generally studied under the following two heads (a) General Relationship and (b) Special Relationship. Special types of individual customers http://www.informationbible.com/article-special-types-of-individual-customers-52372.html Wed, 13 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The special types of individual customers of the commercial banks are (i) Minor (ii) Lunatic (iii) Drunkard (iv) Married Women (v) Purdah Observing Women and (vi) Illiterate persons. Meaning of bankers http://www.informationbible.com/article-meaning-of-bankers-52381.html Wed, 13 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A banker is a dealer in capital or more properly a dealer in money. He is an intermediate party between the borrower and the lender. Reasons for dishonouring a cheque by a bank http://www.informationbible.com/article-reasons-for-dishonouring-a-cheque-by-a-bank-52388.html Wed, 13 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A cheque is sometime returned unpaid by the bank to the customer. The reason is usually given on the cheque or upon a slip of paper attached to it. The principal reasons for dishonoring the cheque are as follows: - Rights of a customer and duties of a customer towards the banker http://www.informationbible.com/article-rights-of-a-customer-and-duties-of-a-customer-towards-the-banker-52384.html Wed, 13 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A customer who has deposited money can draw cheques on his account up to the extent of his credit balance or according to overdrawing limit sanctioned by the bank. Rights of a banker and duties of a banker towards the customer http://www.informationbible.com/article-rights-of-a-banker-and-duties-of-a-banker-towards-the-customer-52385.html Wed, 13 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT To honor a customer’s cheque. The banker is to honor the cheques of the customers provided the cheques are: Termination of contract between a customer and a banker http://www.informationbible.com/article-termination-of-contract-between-a-customer-and-a-banker-52387.html Wed, 13 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The relationship between the banker and the customer is contractual. Both are bound by certain obligations. As and when one party frees himself from such obligations, and then the relationship between the two is terminated. Credit analysis http://www.informationbible.com/article-credit-analysis-52391.html Wed, 13 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT There are sometime defaults in the payment of loans to the commercial banks. The non-payment of obligations may be due to acts of God’ such as drought, famine, floods, etc. Factors considered in credit analysis http://www.informationbible.com/article-factors-considered-in-credit-analysis-52392.html Wed, 13 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT There are a number of factors which are taken into consideration while advancing loan to a borrower. The lending officer of the bank examines the credit worthiness of the borrower. Principles of employment of bank funds http://www.informationbible.com/article-principles-of-employment-of-bank-funds-52399.html Wed, 13 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The employment or investment or advancing of funds by a commercial bank means the safe utilization and profitable use of its funds. The bank, as we know, obtains money from different sources and pays interest on them. Contraction of credit http://www.informationbible.com/article-contraction-of-credit-51953.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Just as deposits create loans and loans create deposits, similarly, the withdrawal of deposits contracts credit. Advantages of bank draft http://www.informationbible.com/article-advantages-of-bank-draft-52013.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT It is a very useful instrument for settlement of debts. A debtor by purchasing a draft from a bank and sending it to the creditor can clear the debt owned by him. Promissory note http://www.informationbible.com/article-promissory-note-51964.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A Promissory note is the simplest and earliest kind of credit instrument. It is an unconditional written promise by one person to another in which the maker... Bill of exchange sample http://www.informationbible.com/article-bill-of-exchange-sample-51966.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A bill of exchange is playing an important part in the commercial life of the country. The need for it arises where the buyer Purchase goods needs a period of credit before paying it. It is drawn by the creditor and is accepted by the debtor. Difference between promissory note and bill of exchange http://www.informationbible.com/article-difference-between-promissory-note-and-bill-of-exchange-51974.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The main points of distinction between Promissory Note and a Bill of Exchange are as follows. Acceptance of bill of exchange http://www.informationbible.com/article-acceptance-of-bill-of-exchange-52004.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A bill of exchange has no value without acceptance. Acceptance means the indication by the drawer of his assent to the order of the drawer. Fixed or term deposit account http://www.informationbible.com/article-fixed-or-term-deposit-account-52018.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Fixed or Term. Deposit Account is the major source of fund of a commercial bank. Fixed or term deposit as the name implies is deposit which kept with is the bank for a fixed period specified in advance. What is negotiable instrument http://www.informationbible.com/article-what-is-negotiable-instrument-51961.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The term negotiable instrument means a written document which entitles a person to a sum of money. A negotiable instrument is transferable by delivery or by endorsement and delivery. Types of cheques http://www.informationbible.com/article-types-of-cheques-52009.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The cheques are of two types. (i) Open cheques and (ii) crossed cheques. Profit and loss sharing saving bank account http://www.informationbible.com/article-profit-and-loss-sharing-saving-bank-account-52017.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT PLS Savings Account is opened on an application made on the Bank’s prescribed Account Opening Form duly introduced in the manner provided and’ on supplying such other documents, as may be required. Cash reserve of banks http://www.informationbible.com/article-cash-reserve-of-banks-51934.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A bank is an institution which accepts deposits of money and repays cash to its depositors on demand. From this, it may not be considered that it is philanthropist institution; simply receiving money and giving back, when depositors need them. Factors which govern cash reserve http://www.informationbible.com/article-factors-which-govern-cash-reserve-51937.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT In reality it is not possible to lay down fixed principles regarding the fixation of cash reserves to liabilities by a bank. Difference between bill of exchange and cheque http://www.informationbible.com/article-difference-between-bill-of-exchange-and-cheque-51979.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Although a cheque is defined as a bill of exchange, yet it differs from a bill of exchange in the following respects. Do banks create credit http://www.informationbible.com/article-do-banks-create-credit-51952.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Creation of credit does not mean that banks mint notes and coins. By creation of credit is meant that the commercial banks by taking in deposits and making loans expand the money supply Classification of bills of exchange http://www.informationbible.com/article-classification-of-bills-of-exchange-52010.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Bills of exchange are classified on several bases. The main classifications in brief are as under. Instruments of credit http://www.informationbible.com/article-instruments-of-credit-51960.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The man in the street ordinarily thinks that paper money and metallic coins are the main media of exchange. Difference between three negotiable instruments http://www.informationbible.com/article-difference-between-three-negotiable-instruments-52002.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THREE NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS Promissory note, Bill of exchange and Cheque. Cheque http://www.informationbible.com/article-cheque-51973.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A cheque can define as a written order of a depositor upon a bank to pay to or to the order of a designated party or to bearer, a specified sum of money on demand. Kinds of endorsement http://www.informationbible.com/article-kinds-of-endorsement-51977.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The word endorsement is derived from the Latin word ‘lndorsum’ which means the back. According to the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, the writing of a person’s name either on the back or the face of instrument... Current account http://www.informationbible.com/article-current-account-52016.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Every commercial bank maintains current account for its customers. A current account is a running account which is continuously in operation, by the customers on all working days of the bank. What is a bank draft http://www.informationbible.com/article-what-is-a-bank-draft-51980.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A bank draft is an order by one branch of bank to another branch of the same bank to pay a certain sum of money on demand to the person named therein. Joint bank account http://www.informationbible.com/article-joint-bank-account-52020.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A joint account is a special bank account which is opened in the name of two or more persons for drawing of the amount all the persons in whose name the account stands should sign the cheque Opening of current account or saving account with a bank http://www.informationbible.com/article-opening-of-current-account-or-saving-account-with-a-bank-52021.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Any sane major person, a firm, a body corporate which can enter into contract can open an account with a bank. Dishonors of bill of exchange http://www.informationbible.com/article-dishonors-of-bill-of-exchange-52005.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A bill of exchange is said to be dishonored if (a) it is not accepted and (b) It is not paid. Notice of dishonors http://www.informationbible.com/article-notice-of-dishonors-52006.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT When the bill is dishonor by non acceptance or by non payment the holder must give notice of dishonor to the drawer and all other parties whom he wants to make liable. Advantages of a bill of exchange http://www.informationbible.com/article-advantages-of-a-bill-of-exchange-52011.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The bill of exchange is a very important and useful document in modern commerce. Its main advantages are summarized below. Difference between a cheque and bank draft http://www.informationbible.com/article-difference-between-a-cheque-and-bank-draft-52012.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A bank draft is different from a cheque in several respects. The main points of difference between the two are as under. Types of bank accounts http://www.informationbible.com/article-types-of-bank-accounts-52015.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A bank is a financial institution. Deposit accounts are its main source of fund. In order to attract money, it offers different types of attractive facilities to its customers according to their requirements and economic status. Foreign currency accounts http://www.informationbible.com/article-foreign-currency-accounts-52019.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The State Bank of Pakistan has introduced a number of reforms in the foreign exchange control in the country. Various bank accounts comparison http://www.informationbible.com/article-various-bank-accounts-comparison-52022.html Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT VARIOUS BANK ACCOUNTS COMPARISON of Fixed or Time Deposit Account, Savings Bank Deposit Account and Current Deposit Account. Role of commercial banks in the economic development of a country http://www.informationbible.com/article-role-of-commercial-banks-in-the-economic-development-of-a-country-51641.html Mon, 11 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Commercial banks play an important and active role in the economic development of a country. If the banking system in a country is effective’, efficient and disciplined, it brings about a rapid growth in the various sectors of the economy. What is credit http://www.informationbible.com/article-what-is-credit-51651.html Mon, 11 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The word ‘credit’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Credo’. The word ‘Credo’ means. I trust you. It is defined by Gide as “An exchange which is complete after the expiry of a certain period of time after payment”. Functions of credit http://www.informationbible.com/article-functions-of-credit-51653.html Mon, 11 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Economy in the Use of Metal. Credit instruments are used as media of exchange in place of metallic coins. There is thus a saving of precious metals. Dangers of credit http://www.informationbible.com/article-dangers-of-credit-51654.html Mon, 11 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT We have given a very rosy picture of the functions of credit above. There is not an iota of doubt that credit is a great boon to the business community but it has also some dangerous potentialities. Kinds of banks http://www.informationbible.com/article-kinds-of-banks-51644.html Mon, 11 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The commercial banks are classified into various types on the basis of their spheres of activities, ownership, domicile etc. Management and organ structure of nationalized banks in pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-management-and-organ-structure-of-nationalized-banks-in-pakistan-51646.html Mon, 11 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The ownership, management and control of all the commercial banks were taken over by the Government of Pakistan on Jan. 1, 1974. Functions of a commercial banks http://www.informationbible.com/article-functions-of-a-commercial-banks-50084.html Tue, 05 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT A bank is a financial institution which deals with money and credit. It accepts deposits from individuals, firms and companies at a lower rate of interest and gives at higher rate of interest to those who need them. Hawtreys monetary theory of business cycles http://www.informationbible.com/article-hawtreys-monetary-theory-of-business-cycles-50048.html Tue, 05 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Ralph G. Hawtrey presented his explanation of “business cycles” in 1926. According to him, changes in money supply are the major source of fluctuations in the business activity. Keynesian theory of business cycles http://www.informationbible.com/article-keynesian-theory-of-business-cycles-50050.html Tue, 05 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT Keynes response to classical theory of trade cycle. The keynes theory of business fluctuations was developed during the Great Depression of the 1930 s It was in response to the classical theory that the economy is self correcting. Evolution of banking http://www.informationbible.com/article-evolution-of-banking-50081.html Tue, 05 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT There are various views about the origin of the word bank’. One view is that it is derived from an Italian word banque’ which means a bench’. Multiplier and accelerator theory http://www.informationbible.com/article-multiplier-and-accelerator-theory-50056.html Tue, 05 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The Keynesians, have offered a demand side explanation of the business cycle. According to them, the fluctuations in output and employment in the country are caused by fluctuations in aggregate demand. Real business cycle theory http://www.informationbible.com/article-real-business-cycle-theory-50059.html Tue, 05 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The newest theory of the business cycle in 1990’s is known as Real Business Cycle Theory. (RBC). According to some recent economists like Robert, F. Kidland, Plosser etc. the economic fluctuations are caused by fluctuations in productivity. Causes of trade cycle summarized http://www.informationbible.com/article-causes-of-trade-cycle-summarized-50063.html Tue, 05 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT The real growth of the economy involves cyclical fluctuations. Wave like movements in economic activity over a period of time are caused due to a number of factors. These causes, factors or theories can be classified as external and internal. Control of trade cycles http://www.informationbible.com/article-control-of-trade-cycles-50072.html Tue, 05 Apr 2011 13:00:00 GMT We have stated earlier that trade cycle is due to multiplicity of causes rather than tone single cause. The phases of business cycle http://www.informationbible.com/article-the-phases-of-business-cycle-47610.html Fri, 25 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT A business cycle ‘is a short term picture of the behavior of real output in a private enterprise economy Business cycle refers to upturn and downturn in the level of economic activity that extends over a period of time’. Trade cycles http://www.informationbible.com/article-trade-cycles-47608.html Fri, 25 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The world has registered a phenomenal economic progress during the last one hundred years. Instruments of money market http://www.informationbible.com/article-instruments-of-money-market-47031.html Wed, 23 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The main short term debt instruments traded in the money market are as follows. Capital market http://www.informationbible.com/article-capital-market-47033.html Wed, 23 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Financial market whether it is a money market or capital market performs an essential economic function It mobilizes surplus funds and provides these to those who have a shortage of funds Money market... Difference between money market and capital market http://www.informationbible.com/article-difference-between-money-market-and-capital-market-47036.html Wed, 23 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Money Market is a market for short term loans. Capital Marketis for long term loans. Capital market instruments http://www.informationbible.com/article-capital-market-instruments-47034.html Wed, 23 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The capital market instruments are debt and equity instruments. These instruments are not liquid in nature and have maturities of more than one year. Money market http://www.informationbible.com/article-money-market-47030.html Wed, 23 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Money market is a financial market for short term loans It is a market for short term borrowing and lending of funds It is defined as “ financial market in which only short term debt instruments having maturity... Role of capital market http://www.informationbible.com/article-role-of-capital-market-47035.html Wed, 23 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Capital market plays an important role in the mobilization of long term funds for the economic development of the country. Its importance can be judged from the following various functions it performs. World bank http://www.informationbible.com/article-world-bank-46865.html Wed, 23 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The World Bank or the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) was set up in 1947 as the sister organization to IMF. Functions of imf http://www.informationbible.com/article-functions-of-imf-46854.html Wed, 23 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The main functions of IMF are as under: Maintaining exchange stability, International monetary fund imf http://www.informationbible.com/article-international-monetary-fund-imf-46844.html Wed, 23 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was the outcome of Bretton Wood Agreement signed by 44 major countries of the world in July 1944 in USA. International monetary institutions http://www.informationbible.com/article-international-monetary-institutions-46842.html Wed, 23 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT During the inter-war years, all the countries of the world were forced off the gold standard. It was a period of fluctuating exchange rates, blocked accounts, high tariffs, competitive exchange depreciation and quota system, etc. Special drawing rights http://www.informationbible.com/article-special-drawing-rights-46857.html Wed, 23 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The IMF, for the first time in 1967, issued special drawing rights (SDR’s) to governments to settle international debts. Functions of sdr http://www.informationbible.com/article-functions-of-sdr-46859.html Wed, 23 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT There is no doubt that IMF is helping the developing countries in the correction of their balance of payment deficits, maintaining monetary stability, giving technical assistance. Asian development bank adb http://www.informationbible.com/article-asian-development-bank-adb-46869.html Wed, 23 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The Asian Development Bank (ADB) was established on December 4, 1966 with an authorized capital of 58 billion dollars. Functions of asian development bank adb http://www.informationbible.com/article-functions-of-asian-development-bank-adb-46872.html Wed, 23 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The Asian Development Bank performs the following functions. Islamic development bank http://www.informationbible.com/article-islamic-development-bank-46932.html Wed, 23 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The Islamic Development Bank was set up at Jaddah in 1975. It has 28 founder members. Now the membership has increased to42 countries. Multinational corporations http://www.informationbible.com/article-multinational-corporations-46939.html Wed, 23 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT A multinational corporation (MNC) is a company that owns and controls productive activities in more than one country. The MNC’s had a base usually in one country; say USA, and its subsidiaries in other developed and underdeveloped countries. Importance of money market http://www.informationbible.com/article-importance-of-money-market-47032.html Wed, 23 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT If the money market is well developed and broad based in a country, it greatly helps in the economic development of a country. Determination of the equilibrium exchange rate http://www.informationbible.com/article-determination-of-the-equilibrium-exchange-rate-46586.html Tue, 22 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The rate of exchange will be at par, above or below par, depends upon the following factors: 1. Desire to purchase goods 2. Rise in national income 3. Price level 4. Investment abroad. Mint par parity theory of exchange rate http://www.informationbible.com/article-mint-par-parity-theory-of-exchange-rate-46593.html Tue, 22 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Mint parity theory explains the determination of exchange rate between the two countries which are on gold standard. In a country which is on gold standard, the currency is either made of gold or is convertible into gold at a fixed rate. Fixed exchange rate system http://www.informationbible.com/article-fixed-exchange-rate-system-46632.html Tue, 22 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Fixed exchange rate system is one in which the exchange rates between two or more countries is set by the government of a country. The fixed exchange rate remained operative under the gold standard from, 1880 to 1913. Flexible or floating exchange rate system http://www.informationbible.com/article-flexible-or-floating-exchange-rate-system-46634.html Tue, 22 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT A flexible exchange rate is one in which the foreign exchange rate is determined by the market forces of supply and demand for foreign exchange International monetary systems http://www.informationbible.com/article-international-monetary-systems-46631.html Tue, 22 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT There is a marked difference between domestic trade and international trade. In international trade, the goods are not exchanged by barter (Pakistan’s cotton for Japan’s cars for instance) but through the medium of money. For Methods of exchange control http://www.informationbible.com/article-methods-of-exchange-control-46614.html Tue, 22 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Broadly speaking, exchange control refers to a government’s inter in the foreign exchange market. In other words, it means legal restrictions on the business involving foreign exchange and its sale and purchase in the national market. How the foreign exchange rate is determined http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-the-foreign-exchange-rate-is-determined-46585.html Tue, 22 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The rate at which one currency is exchanged for another is called the rate of exchange. The rate of exchange is the price of one country stated in terms of another currency. The purchasing power parity theory http://www.informationbible.com/article-the-purchasing-power-parity-theory-46598.html Tue, 22 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The purchasing power parity theory was first stated by John Wheately in 1882. It was restated by David Ricardo. However, it was developed on scientific lines by Gustav Cassel, a Swedish Economist, in 1918. Objectives of exchange control http://www.informationbible.com/article-objectives-of-exchange-control-46610.html Tue, 22 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The exchange control is instituted for the fulfillment of a variety of objectives. The main objectives are: To Correct an Adverse Balance of Payments, To conserve Foreign Exchange, To Protect Home Industry, To Stabilize Exchange Rate. Balance of payments theory of exchange rate http://www.informationbible.com/article-balance-of-payments-theory-of-exchange-rate-46604.html Tue, 22 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The balance of payments theory of exchange rate is also named as ‘General equilibrium theory of exchange rate. According to this theory, the exchange rate of the currency of a country depends upon the demand for and supply of foreign exchange. Exchange control http://www.informationbible.com/article-exchange-control-46607.html Tue, 22 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Under the system of free market in foreign exchange, the citizens of a country are at full liberty to buy and sell foreign currencies to any extent. Managed float system http://www.informationbible.com/article-managed-float-system-46635.html Tue, 22 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The, system of managed floating rates has been adopted in all most all the countries of the world since 1971. Floating exchange rate http://www.informationbible.com/article-floating-exchange-rate-46644.html Tue, 22 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Flexible or floating exchange rate is the rate at which national currency freely exchanges in relation to a foreign currency. Foreign exchange http://www.informationbible.com/article-foreign-exchange-45942.html Fri, 18 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT There is not a single country in the world which is self-sufficient There is constant inflow and outflow of goods and services from one country to another When goods and services are exported the money is to be received from the foreigners... Limitations of index numbers http://www.informationbible.com/article-limitations-of-index-numbers-45939.html Fri, 18 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT There is no doubt that index numbers are very useful for the purpose for which they are computed yet they suffer from the following limitations Functions of foreign exchange market http://www.informationbible.com/article-functions-of-foreign-exchange-market-45946.html Fri, 18 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT There are three main functions of the foreign exchange market (1) Transfer function 92) Credit function and (3) Hedging function. Use of index number http://www.informationbible.com/article-use-of-index-number-45938.html Fri, 18 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Index number is a very useful device for measuring the relative changes in the value of money. its equally important for measuring quantitative change in any sector of the economy for the guidance and formulation of economic policies in the country. Importance of foreign exchange http://www.informationbible.com/article-importance-of-foreign-exchange-45944.html Fri, 18 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The importance of foreign exchange from national point of view in brief is as under: Strength of the economy, Balance of payments, Makes international trade easy, Rate of exchange, Hard currency nation and Credit worthiness. Meaning of foreign exchange http://www.informationbible.com/article-meaning-of-foreign-exchange-45943.html Fri, 18 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Foreign exchange plays an important role in the payments of international trade As we know the national currency of a country is not acceptable in making the settlement of international debt. Devaluation of money http://www.informationbible.com/article-devaluation-of-money-45940.html Fri, 18 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT By devaluation is meant the reducing of value or exchange rate of national currency v b respect to other foreign currencies Devaluation is made when a country is operating under a fixed exchange rate system. Effects of exchange rate adjustment http://www.informationbible.com/article-effects-of-exchange-rate-adjustment-45941.html Fri, 18 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT When the currency of a country is devalued, the prices of the internationally traded goods of the devaluing currency fall in the outside world; The buyers in the foreign countries attracted by the low prices increase their purchases. Foreign exchange market http://www.informationbible.com/article-foreign-exchange-market-45945.html Fri, 18 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT A foreign exchange market is a place in which foreign exchange transactions take place In the words of Kindleberger, “Foreign exchange market is a place where foreign moneys are bought and sold It is part of money market in the financial centers. Methods or instruments of making foreign payments http://www.informationbible.com/article-methods-or-instruments-of-making-foreign-payments-45947.html Fri, 18 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT We have stated earlier that the money of one country is not ordinarily acceptable for making payments to another country. In other words, we say that the money of one country is not legal tender in the other country. Letter of credits http://www.informationbible.com/article-letter-of-credits-45948.html Fri, 18 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Letter of credit is a very important instrument of making merchandise payments, A letter of credit is a document by which one person (usually a banker) authorizes another (also a banker) to give credit to the person in whose favor it is drawn. Bill of exchange http://www.informationbible.com/article-bill-of-exchange-45949.html Fri, 18 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The bill of exchange is a most effective instrument in making international payments. A bill of exchange is an order in writing from the drawer (creditor) to the drawer (debtor) to pay the specified sum of money on demand... Kinds of inflation http://www.informationbible.com/article-kinds-of-inflation-45669.html Thu, 17 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Inflation on this basis is grouped as (i) Creeping inflation (ii) Walking inflation (iii) Running inflation and (iv) Hyper inflation. Difficulties in the construction of an index number http://www.informationbible.com/article-difficulties-in-the-construction-of-an-index-number-45692.html Thu, 17 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Index numbers are not constructed simply for measuring changes in the value of money and cost of living. Inflation in pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-inflation-in-pakistan-45671.html Thu, 17 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT One of the most important factors influencing poverty in the country is inflation. Inflation is defined as a situation where the general price level is persistently moving upward in a country. The construction of index number http://www.informationbible.com/article-the-construction-of-index-number-45686.html Thu, 17 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The construction of index number is quite a complicated process. The main steps required for its technical construction are as under... Price stabilization measures in pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-price-stabilization-measures-in-pakistan-45672.html Thu, 17 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The inflation was well under control from the f year 2000 to 2004, However, it shoot up to 9.3% in the year 2005 mainly due to the rise the support price of wheat and a surge in international price of oil. Inflation vs deflation http://www.informationbible.com/article-inflation-vs-deflation-45670.html Thu, 17 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Inflation, as we know, is a state of rising prices over a long period of time. A rapid increase in prices has adverse effect on the economy. Deflation is a state of falling prices which too is harmful to the society and the economy. Meaning of stagflation http://www.informationbible.com/article-meaning-of-stagflation-45668.html Thu, 17 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The advanced countries of the world since 1960 are facing twin problem of rising prices and unemployment. The term sta9flation was coined to explain the co-existence of inflation and unemployment. Measurement of changes in the value of money http://www.informationbible.com/article-measurement-of-changes-in-the-value-of-money-45682.html Thu, 17 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Money as we know is needed to avoid barter. The primary function of money, therefore, is to serve as a media of exchange. Index number http://www.informationbible.com/article-index-number-45684.html Thu, 17 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT A large number of commodities are offered for sale in every country of the world. If we study the behavior of the prices of the commodities in any market, we will soon arrive at a conclusion that they do not move in unison. Remedies of inflation http://www.informationbible.com/article-remedies-of-inflation-45398.html Wed, 16 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The first panacea for a mismanagement nation is inflation of the currency. The second is war. Both bring a permanent ruin. They both are the refuge of political and economic opportunists. Cost push inflation http://www.informationbible.com/article-cost-push-inflation-45395.html Wed, 16 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Cost push inflation occurs when there is an increase in the cost of production of goods and is not associated with excess demand. Demand pull inflation http://www.informationbible.com/article-demand-pull-inflation-45389.html Wed, 16 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Demand pull inflation occurs when aggregate demand for goods exceeds aggregate supply of goods at current prices thus leading to an increase in the price level. What is inflation http://www.informationbible.com/article-what-is-inflation-45388.html Wed, 16 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Inflation is a term which is known to most of us. It is also criticized by many of us. It is feared by all of us but it is not understood by majority of us. Monetary policy http://www.informationbible.com/article-monetary-policy-45399.html Wed, 16 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Monetary policy is a policy that influences, the economy through changes In the ‘money supply and available credit Monetary policy is adopted by central bank of a country. Deflation http://www.informationbible.com/article-deflation-45400.html Wed, 16 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Deflation is just the opposite of inflation. If there is a rise in the general level of prices, so that the value of money declines, it is named as inflation. Conversely, if the general level of prices fall and as a result thereof... Reflation http://www.informationbible.com/article-reflation-45401.html Wed, 16 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT A real inflation is a sustained rise in the general level of prices. It is a situation of rising prices after the full employment is reached. Disinflation http://www.informationbible.com/article-disinflation-45402.html Wed, 16 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The term disinflation’ is becoming very popular with the modern economists, in capitalistic countries of the world; there is a tendency of the general prices to go up. Bimetallic standards http://www.informationbible.com/article-bimetallic-standards-44696.html Mon, 14 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Money in some form or shape has existed almost since the dawn of civilization. In the first stage of monetary evolution slaves cattle skins, oxes, cows salt and utensils of various sorts were used as money with the advancement of civilization they... The value of money http://www.informationbible.com/article-the-value-of-money-44870.html Mon, 14 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT We have discussed earner that the main role of money is to facilitate exchange. Money is accepted as a media of exchange because it has value. It is held as a store of value because it has value. Quantity theory of money by irving fisher http://www.informationbible.com/article-quantity-theory-of-money-by-irving-fisher-44875.html Mon, 14 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Irving Fisher an American economist, put forward the Cash Transaction Approach to the quantity theory of money. Full gold standard or gold currency standard http://www.informationbible.com/article-full-gold-standard-or-gold-currency-standard-44730.html Mon, 14 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The standard monetary units of a country are full bodied gold coins. They are declared by law as a certain amount of gold of specified weight and fineness. Cash balance approach to the quantity http://www.informationbible.com/article-cash-balance-approach-to-the-quantity-44877.html Mon, 14 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The cash balance approach to the quantity theory of money was developed by a group of Cambridge economists in England which included Alfred, Marshall, AC. Pigou, Robertson and J. M. Keynes’ Future of the gold standard http://www.informationbible.com/article-future-of-the-gold-standard-44778.html Mon, 14 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT If past is any guide to us then we can say with certainty that there is little prospect of gold standard being restored in its orthodox form Gold standard worked smoothly so long its rules were observed... Classes of monetary standards and kinds monetary standards http://www.informationbible.com/article-classes-of-monetary-standards-and-kinds-monetary-standards-44686.html Mon, 14 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT There are two main classes of monetary standard (1) Commodity Standard arid (ii) Fiat Standard. Advantages of bimetallism case against bimetallism http://www.informationbible.com/article-advantages-of-bimetallism-case-against-bimetallism-44702.html Mon, 14 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The supporters of Bimetallism have advanced the following arguments in favor of this system. Monometallism http://www.informationbible.com/article-monometallism-44711.html Mon, 14 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The monetary system of a country is called monometallism when the value of the monetary unit... Silver standards http://www.informationbible.com/article-silver-standards-44720.html Mon, 14 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Under Silver standard the monetary unit is a given fixed quantity of silver and all other forms of money are maintained at par by making it convertible into silver at the fixed rate Silver is allowed to move freely in and outside the country. Gold standard http://www.informationbible.com/article-gold-standard-44727.html Mon, 14 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Lawrence Smith has defined Gold Standard as “the system which exists in its fully developed form when the unit of money is exclusively defined by law as a certain amount of gold, of specified weight and fineness and when all forms of money within. Gold bullion standard http://www.informationbible.com/article-gold-bullion-standard-44735.html Mon, 14 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT After World War I, all the belligerent countries except U.S.A. could not obey the d of the gold standard and so had to abandon this monetary system. Why gold standard broke down http://www.informationbible.com/article-why-gold-standard-broke-down-44757.html Mon, 14 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Gold Standard did work quite successfully before 1914 but after the World War I it miserably failed and so one country after another abandoned this standard. Gold exchange standard http://www.informationbible.com/article-gold-exchange-standard-44743.html Mon, 14 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Gold exchange standard s an advanced form of gold standard. The main requisites of gold exchange standard are as follows. The mechanism of free gold standard http://www.informationbible.com/article-the-mechanism-of-free-gold-standard-44751.html Mon, 14 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT As has been discussed in the pre pages that for establishment and maintenance of free gold standard, there is no room for government or private sovereignty over the media of exchange of a country. Rules of the gold standard http://www.informationbible.com/article-rules-of-the-gold-standard-44755.html Mon, 14 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Gold standard is an automatic stabilizer when certain rules are observed by all the countries on the gold standard. The important rules of the gold standard are as under. Merits of gold standard http://www.informationbible.com/article-merits-of-gold-standard-44760.html Mon, 14 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Gold Standard it is said, had quite successfully worked in different parts of the world between 1816 to 1914. If the rules of the Gold standard game are fully observed by all the countries on gold standard, it can work well. Demerits of gold standard http://www.informationbible.com/article-demerits-of-gold-standard-44761.html Mon, 14 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The report of Cunliffe Committee (1918) describes that gold standard worked effectively up to 1914. After the World War I (1914-1919) most of the countries on gold standard did not obey the rules of gold. Gold and key currencies http://www.informationbible.com/article-gold-and-key-currencies-44781.html Mon, 14 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The world monetary system is facing two major problems these cays Firstly there has arisen a potential shortage of world reserves of Product on c gold has been hampered on account of fixed price of gold and its rising cost of production. Special drawing rights sdrs http://www.informationbible.com/article-special-drawing-rights-sdrs-44790.html Mon, 14 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The scheme of Special Drawing Rights (SDR5) was created by IMF in the year 1967. The purpose of establishing this scheme was to solve the problem of international liquidity. Best currency system http://www.informationbible.com/article-best-currency-system-44794.html Mon, 14 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT We have discussed earlier that different monetary systems have worked more or less efficiently under different stages of economic development Gold standard worked quite smoothly before 1915. Modern quantity theory of money http://www.informationbible.com/article-modern-quantity-theory-of-money-44879.html Mon, 14 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The modern quantity theory of money is associated with the name of Milton Friedman and a group of scholars associated with the University of Chicago. Bank money http://www.informationbible.com/article-bank-money-44525.html Sat, 12 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Bank money occupies a very predominant position as a medium of exchange in the advanced countries of the world today. Forms of money http://www.informationbible.com/article-forms-of-money-44520.html Sat, 12 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT We have already discussed earlier that the evolution of money cannot be attributed to a single phenomenon. Metallic money http://www.informationbible.com/article-metallic-money-44522.html Sat, 12 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Metallic money consists of coins made of gold silver copper or nickel Metallic currency varies in weight fineness and in value. Paper money http://www.informationbible.com/article-paper-money-44523.html Sat, 12 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The term paper money refers to the notes issued by the State or by a Bank, usually the Central Bank. The use of paper money has become very wide due to its many conveniences as a medium of exchange. Coinage of money http://www.informationbible.com/article-coinage-of-money-44526.html Sat, 12 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT By coinage of money is meant the process of manufacturing metals into certain shape so that the uniformity in weight and size is maintained in all the coins of the same kind Jevons in his book “Money and the Mechanism of Exchange. Coinage in pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-coinage-in-pakistan-44528.html Sat, 12 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The history of coinage in Pakistan can be traced back to the history of coinage in the undivided India. Alexander Del Mar in his book A History of Money in Ancient Countries. Decimal coinage in pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-decimal-coinage-in-pakistan-44529.html Sat, 12 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Decimal coinage was introduced in America in 1786. The decimalization of currency in France started in 1799, in Latin Union 1873, Austria 1870, Russia 1939, Japan 1871, India 1955, England 1970 and in Pakistan on January 1, 1961. Kinds of paper money http://www.informationbible.com/article-kinds-of-paper-money-44562.html Sat, 12 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Paper money is generally classified under the following three heads Representative paper money, Convertible paper money and Inconvertible paper money. Merits and demerits of paper money http://www.informationbible.com/article-merits-and-demerits-of-paper-money-44564.html Sat, 12 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Paper money is a source of blessing for mankind However, when it is not properly managed; it becomes source of peril and confusion. Stages in development of money http://www.informationbible.com/article-stages-in-development-of-money-44243.html Thu, 10 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Throughout the history of civilization money has passed through different stages Historically the development of money in the present form has evolved through the following stages Commodity money, Convertible paper money Fiat money and Deposit money. New barter system http://www.informationbible.com/article-new-barter-system-44238.html Thu, 10 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Barter means direct exchange of goods for good Barter system was prevalent at an early stage of man s economic life when the wants were very limited in number Man could easily satisfy... The role of money http://www.informationbible.com/article-the-role-of-money-44255.html Thu, 10 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The classical economists were of the view that money was discovered to remove the defects of barter. The important functions of money for them were to serve as a medium of exchange and standard of material. Role of money in a capitalistic economy http://www.informationbible.com/article-role-of-money-in-a-capitalistic-economy-44256.html Thu, 10 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Money is the sovereign queen of all delights. For her the teacher teaches, the lawyer pleads, the dancer dances, the soldier fights. Characteristics of money http://www.informationbible.com/article-characteristics-of-money-44241.html Thu, 10 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT General Acceptability, Stability of Value, Transportability, Storability, Divisibility, Homogeneity, Cognizability and Malleability. Money and its functions http://www.informationbible.com/article-money-and-its-functions-44246.html Thu, 10 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The functions of money can be conveniently divided into three parts (A) Primary (B) Secondary and (C) Contingent Functions These functions are now discussed in brief. Significance and importance of money http://www.informationbible.com/article-significance-and-importance-of-money-44248.html Thu, 10 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Money bewitches people. People do almost anything for money and money will do almost anything for people. It is the money which feeds, you, clothes you, shelters you, amuses you, and helps you in trade and industry, provided you spend it. The nature and functions of money http://www.informationbible.com/article-the-nature-and-functions-of-money-44251.html Thu, 10 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Money is one of the wonderful inventions of man The pity is that it has no precise definition The economists have given different definitions of it and they have so far not agreed on the specific meaning of money *. The operation of a monetary economy http://www.informationbible.com/article-the-operation-of-a-monetary-economy-44254.html Thu, 10 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT In the upper loop households supply their resources (land + labor + capital) to various types of businesses and receive money payments in the form of rent wages interest and profit. Role of money in a socialistic economy http://www.informationbible.com/article-role-of-money-in-a-socialistic-economy-44257.html Thu, 10 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT In a socialistic economy money serves as a standard of value a medium of exchange, a store of value arid standard of deferred payments. The role of money in a planned economy for us, not that of a master but of a servant. Scope of income tax laws http://www.informationbible.com/article-scope-of-income-tax-laws-43061.html Fri, 04 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT We shall discuss the scope of Income Tax Law from two different angles 1. The territorial limits to which the Income Tax Ordinance applies. 2. The components of Income Tax Law in our country. Components of income tax law http://www.informationbible.com/article-components-of-income-tax-law-43062.html Fri, 04 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The following ale the constituents of Income Tax Law in Pakistan Income Tax Ordinance, 2001 (as amended), Rules framed by the Board, Notifications, Circulars and Orders, Income Tax Case Law, Income Tax Case Law and Finance Acts or Ordinances. Income tax law in pakistan http://www.informationbible.com/article-income-tax-law-in-pakistan-43058.html Fri, 04 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Since ancient times, governments have been collecting revenues from their population in different forms. History of income tax law http://www.informationbible.com/article-history-of-income-tax-law-43055.html Fri, 04 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT In Undivided India (now consisting of Pakistan, Bangladesh and India) income tax was introduced for the first time in the year 1860 It was introduced by Income Act, 1860. Income tax ordinance http://www.informationbible.com/article-income-tax-ordinance-43060.html Fri, 04 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Another commission constituted by the government submitted its report in May 2001. The Commission suggested that Income Tax Ordinance, 1979, should be replaced by Income Tax Ordinance, 2001, which is claimed to be simple and less complicated. Tax administration reforms programme http://www.informationbible.com/article-tax-administration-reforms-programme-43063.html Fri, 04 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT The Government of Pakistan has started a Tax Administration Reforms Programmed with the help of International Monetary Fund. Wobenzym n http://www.informationbible.com/article-wobenzym-n-42580.html Wed, 02 Mar 2011 13:00:00 GMT Wobenzym N is an enzymatic therapy designed in Germany in the 1960s. It has multiple health benefits and works as a natural anti-inflammatory. 2015 cricket world cup http://www.informationbible.com/article-2015-cricket-world-cup-41819.html Sat, 26 Feb 2011 13:00:00 GMT The 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup will be the eleventh Cricket World Cup, and will be jointly hosted by Australia and New Zealand. The location of the games will be evenly split, with the location of the final yet to be decided. 2012 icc world twenty20 http://www.informationbible.com/article-2012-icc-world-twenty20-41820.html Sat, 26 Feb 2011 13:00:00 GMT The 2012 ICC World Twenty20 will be the fourth ICC World Twenty20 competition, an international Twenty20 cricket tournament that will be held in Sri Lanka in 2012. The schedule has not yet been posted by ICC . South africa v west indies world cup 2011 http://www.informationbible.com/article-south-africa-v-west-indies-world-cup-2011-41179.html Wed, 23 Feb 2011 13:00:00 GMT It's been exactly a month since South Africa last played an ODI and almost every minute of the days spent between their victory over India in Centurion and this moment has been consumed with how they will approach the World Cup. Bangladesh vs ireland world cup 2011 dhaka http://www.informationbible.com/article-bangladesh-vs-ireland-world-cup-2011-dhaka-41216.html Wed, 23 Feb 2011 13:00:00 GMT Four years ago, a farmer, a painter, an electrician, a postman, a textiles salesman, and a couple of teachers joined their mates and set off to train for the World Cup of cricket. Clarkes ability to play spin crucial http://www.informationbible.com/article-clarkes-ability-to-play-spin-crucial-41217.html Wed, 23 Feb 2011 13:00:00 GMT As Australia's most accomplished player of spin, Michael Clarke has an enormous responsibility in this World Cup. Silver biotics ultimate immune system support http://www.informationbible.com/article-silver-biotics-ultimate-immune-system-support-40815.html Tue, 22 Feb 2011 13:00:00 GMT Now is the time to get serious about your wellbeing and prepare to make a stand in favor of your family’s health. Silver Biotics is the #1 choice for helping to enhance the immune system. Why i hate income tax refunds http://www.informationbible.com/article-why-i-hate-income-tax-refunds-36773.html Thu, 27 Jan 2011 13:00:00 GMT That big, fat tax refund really means you've given the government an interest-free loan. It's far better to keep the money you earned in the first place. Hyderabads sreeram chandra is indian idol 5 http://www.informationbible.com/article-hyderabads-sreeram-chandra-is-indian-idol-5-12909.html Sun, 15 Aug 2010 13:00:00 GMT MUMBAI: Twenty-five-year-old Sreeram Chandra from Hyderabad won the Indian Idol Season 5 music reality TV show crown here on Sunday night beating Gujarati girl Bhoomi Trivedi and Agra boy Rakesh Maini. Pakistans president zardari faced shoe attack http://www.informationbible.com/article-pakistans-president-zardari-faced-shoe-attack-11934.html Sun, 08 Aug 2010 13:00:00 GMT In a conference held at Birmingham, an old-aged man flung off both of his boots at Pakistan’s current President Asif Ali Zardari when he made the scene to pep talk a conference there. University of rajasthan examination results 2010 http://www.informationbible.com/article-university-of-rajasthan-examination-results-2010-9277.html Tue, 20 Jul 2010 13:00:00 GMT University of Rajasthan Examination Results 2010 Announced. Sambalpur university examination results 2010 http://www.informationbible.com/article-sambalpur-university-examination-results-2010-9278.html Tue, 20 Jul 2010 13:00:00 GMT Sambalpur University Examination Results 2010 has been announced. Karnataka examination results 2010 http://www.informationbible.com/article-karnataka-examination-results-2010-9279.html Tue, 20 Jul 2010 13:00:00 GMT Karnataka Examination Results 2010 - Diploma Examination Results May 2010, SSLC Examination Results June 2010, Common Entrance Test 2010, SSLC Examination Results 2010 Defending champions pakistan back up in key tie against australia http://www.informationbible.com/article-defending-champions-pakistan-back-up-in-key-tie-against-australia-1909.html Sun, 02 May 2010 13:00:00 GMT Since their first-round exit in last year's World Twenty20, Australia have undergone a significant rebuild and installed Michael Clarke as their full-time leader. Is google down today google downtime http://www.informationbible.com/article-is-google-down-today-google-downtime-1812.html Thu, 29 Apr 2010 13:00:00 GMT Is Google Down Today?: Google Downtime – The Google Down? Yes, according to Twitter. Google down update google inaccessibility affects surfers a lot http://www.informationbible.com/article-google-down-update-google-inaccessibility-affects-surfers-a-lot-1813.html Thu, 29 Apr 2010 13:00:00 GMT Google down… if this is the real case, despite the existence of lots of search engines, web surfers still sees this as a big challenge. Is google down http://www.informationbible.com/article-is-google-down-1814.html Thu, 29 Apr 2010 13:00:00 GMT Wow, our traffic just went off a cliff...I went to see why... looks like Google itself is down right now. I cannot access * or associated products and services, such as Gmail, at the moment. Sandra bullock http://www.informationbible.com/article-sandra-bullock-1532.html Sat, 24 Apr 2010 13:00:00 GMT Sandra Annette Bullock (pronounced /ˈbʊlək/; born July 26, 1964) is an American actress who rose to fame in the 1990s, after roles in successful films such as Speed and While You Were Sleeping. Shahid afridi charged up for title defence http://www.informationbible.com/article-shahid-afridi-charged-up-for-title-defence-1544.html Sat, 24 Apr 2010 13:00:00 GMT Shahid Afridi, the Pakistan captain, has said his team is ready "tactically and technically" to defend their ICC World Twenty20 title in the West Indies from April 30. 20th anniversary of hubble telescope launch and its still amazing by nasa http://www.informationbible.com/article-20th-anniversary-of-hubble-telescope-launch-and-its-still-amazing-by-nasa-1511.html Fri, 23 Apr 2010 13:00:00 GMT Two decades ago Saturday, space shuttle Discovery took off from Florida's Kennedy Space Center, carrying the Hubble Space Telescope in its payload bay. Hubble telescope http://www.informationbible.com/article-hubble-telescope-1512.html Fri, 23 Apr 2010 13:00:00 GMT The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a space telescope that was carried into orbit by the space shuttle in April 1990. Hubble telescope why is it featured on google http://www.informationbible.com/article-hubble-telescope-why-is-it-featured-on-google-1514.html Fri, 23 Apr 2010 13:00:00 GMT Images of the Hubble Telescope were featured on Google today, and many people are wondering why. Kim kardashian down under http://www.informationbible.com/article-kim-kardashian-down-under-1354.html Thu, 22 Apr 2010 13:00:00 GMT Kim Kardashian visits Sydney, Australia for a promotional tour -- and a bit of retail therapy too. Dwts evan lysacek sad to see kate gosselin go http://www.informationbible.com/article-dwts-evan-lysacek-sad-to-see-kate-gosselin-go-1366.html Thu, 22 Apr 2010 13:00:00 GMT After Kate Gosselin reached the end of her road on Dancing with the Stars Tuesday, her competitor Evan Lysacek says he is "sad" to say goodbye. Photos kates rocky dwts days revisited http://www.informationbible.com/article-photos-kates-rocky-dwts-days-revisited-1368.html Thu, 22 Apr 2010 13:00:00 GMT The reality mom, 35, was paired with Tony Dolovani. Early on, he quit on her after a heated spat, but he later told ABC News: "That was probably about a five-second weak moment I had." Britney spears releases unretouched photos http://www.informationbible.com/article-britney-spears-releases-unretouched-photos-1377.html Thu, 22 Apr 2010 13:00:00 GMT Britney Spears Releases Unretouched Photos - The singer, 28, has released unretouched photos from her 2009 Candie's photo shoot alongside the digitally-altered ones. Kim kardashian honored to be killed on south park http://www.informationbible.com/article-kim-kardashian-honored-to-be-killed-on-south-park-1379.html Thu, 22 Apr 2010 13:00:00 GMT Kim Kardashian Honored to Be Killed on South Park - Kim, Khloe and Kourtney Kardashian were violently murdered on Wednesday's episode of South Park -- and they are flattered! Dwts kate gosselin my kids will be shattered http://www.informationbible.com/article-dwts-kate-gosselin-my-kids-will-be-shattered-1381.html Thu, 22 Apr 2010 13:00:00 GMT DWTS Kate Gosselin My Kids Will Be Shattered - Kate Gosselin -- who consistently bombed during her five-week run on ABC's Dancing With the Stars -- says she had a hunch she and partner Tony Dolovani would be eliminated on Tuesday's show. Jen aniston steps out in short shorts http://www.informationbible.com/article-jen-aniston-steps-out-in-short-shorts-1386.html Thu, 22 Apr 2010 13:00:00 GMT Jen Aniston Steps Out in Short Shorts - On Wednesday, Jennifer Aniston showed up to rehearse lines for her upcoming comedy Just Go With It in Hawaii ... in short shorts! Hong kong pollution expert departs city http://www.informationbible.com/article-hong-kong-pollution-expert-departs-city-1420.html Thu, 22 Apr 2010 13:00:00 GMT HONG KONG (AFP) – Hong Kong's leading authority on air quality said Thursday he is leaving the city to avoid its polluted air and keep his respiratory problems under control. Deaths at west virginia mine raise issues about safety http://www.informationbible.com/article-deaths-at-west-virginia-mine-raise-issues-about-safety-635.html Wed, 07 Apr 2010 13:00:00 GMT Rescue workers began the precarious task Tuesday of removing explosive methane gas from the coal mine where at least 25 miners died the day before. Mobile data the next generation high speeds but at what cost http://www.informationbible.com/article-mobile-data-the-next-generation-high-speeds-but-at-what-cost-636.html Wed, 07 Apr 2010 13:00:00 GMT The next great leap forward in wireless broadband networks, a superfast technology called Long Term Evolution, is being hailed as a breakthrough. Automaker pensions underfunded by 17 billion dollar http://www.informationbible.com/article-automaker-pensions-underfunded-by-17-billion-dollar-638.html Wed, 07 Apr 2010 13:00:00 GMT The pension plans at General Motors and Chrysler are underfunded by a total of $17 billion and could fail if the automakers do not return to profitability, according to a government report released Tuesday. China leading global race to make clean energy http://www.informationbible.com/article-china-leading-global-race-to-make-clean-energy-564.html Tue, 06 Apr 2010 13:00:00 GMT China vaulted past competitors in Denmark, Germany, Spain and the United States last year to become the world’s largest maker of wind turbines, and is poised to expand even further this year. Yelp makes changes to appease small business owners http://www.informationbible.com/article-yelp-makes-changes-to-appease-small-business-owners-567.html Tue, 06 Apr 2010 13:00:00 GMT Small business owners have been loud and vocal in their criticism of Yelp and its reader reviews. On Tuesday, Yelp will make two significant changes to its pages to address their complaints. Alibaba china ali baba group http://www.informationbible.com/article-alibaba-china-ali-baba-group-53.html Thu, 18 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT * is a Hangzhou-based e-commerce/e-auction company, specializing in global trading. AliBaba was founded in 1999 by Ma Yun (Jack Ma), and operates five e-commerce sub-companies which operate different aspects of trading. Cheap web hosting http://www.informationbible.com/article-cheap-web-hosting-54.html Thu, 18 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Cheap Web Hosting and Doamin Name Registration - We Recommende Companies Which Are Useful For You And Gives You Fast Affordable Cheap Web Hosting Service And Domain Name Registration. Search engine optimization and internet marketing http://www.informationbible.com/article-search-engine-optimization-and-internet-marketing-57.html Thu, 18 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Promoting a state versus promoting a product requires different mindsets. In the first case, a state encompasses many facets and#8211; downtown, historical attractions, museums, demographics, environmental initiatives. Humanitarian law http://www.informationbible.com/article-humanitarian-law-59.html Thu, 18 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT International humanitarian law is a set of rules that seek, for humanitarian reasons, to limit the impact of armed conflict. It protects persons who are not or are not participating in hostilities, and limits the means and methods of warfare. Privilege http://www.informationbible.com/article-privilege-62.html Thu, 18 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Privilege - Privilege is a legal right to communicate defamatory material or Information in certain situations - Privilege Great idea for a product launch http://www.informationbible.com/article-great-idea-for-a-product-launch-64.html Thu, 18 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT If you are involved in product creation you could take a lesson from rabbits and rats. Football http://www.informationbible.com/article-football-66.html Thu, 18 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Football is the name given to a number of different, but related, team sports, although the first sport with this name originated in the United Kingdom. Usa swimming suspends phelps for 3 months http://www.informationbible.com/article-usa-swimming-suspends-phelps-for-3-months-67.html Thu, 18 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Michael Phelps was suspended from competition for three months by USA Swimming, the latest fallout from a photo that showed the Olympic great inhaling from a marijuana pipe. Akavar 20 and 50 http://www.informationbible.com/article-akavar-20-and-50-69.html Thu, 18 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT The secret is the formula. Do not mistake Akavar 20/50 for any weight-loss product you have ever seen advertised before. Alli diet pill http://www.informationbible.com/article-alli-diet-pill-70.html Thu, 18 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Discount alli Diet Pill on sale 20% to 75% OFF retail from eVitamins. Get the latest alli Diet Pill reviews, product information and more from eVitamins. alli Diet Pill and thousands of other products for all your vitamin and supplement needs. Alpha fibe fbcx http://www.informationbible.com/article-alpha-fibe-fbcx-71.html Thu, 18 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Discount Alpha-Fibe FBCx on sale 20% to 75% OFF retail from InformationBible. Get the latest Alpha-Fibe FBCx reviews, product information and more from InformationBible. Reconstitution of partnership or admission and withdrawal of partners in a firm http://www.informationbible.com/article-reconstitution-of-partnership-or-admission-and-withdrawal-of-partners-in-a-firm-42.html Wed, 17 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT According to the Partnership Act, no new partner can be taken in a firm without the consent of all the existing partners. The new partner when admitted is called incoming partner. Partnership agreement deed http://www.informationbible.com/article-partnership-agreement-deed-43.html Wed, 17 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Partnership agreement in writing is called partnership deed. Partnership deed is a document which is signed by all the partners and which contains all the matters determining and governing the mutual rights. Partnership distinguished from co ownership http://www.informationbible.com/article-partnership-distinguished-from-co-ownership-45.html Wed, 17 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Partnership and co-ownership have different meanings. In partnership, there is an association of two or more, persons who carry on common business for earning profit. They share its profits and losses as per oral or verbal agreement. Registration of a firm http://www.informationbible.com/article-registration-of-a-firm-47.html Wed, 17 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Partnership is the result of an agreement between persons (minimum 2 maximum 20) who agree to carry on a lawful business with the object of earning profit. Salient features or characteristics of partnership http://www.informationbible.com/article-salient-features-or-characteristics-of-partnership-48.html Wed, 17 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT A partnership is an association of two at more persons to carry on as co owners of a business and to share its profits and losses. Sole proprietorship and its characteristics http://www.informationbible.com/article-sole-proprietorship-and-its-characteristics-49.html Wed, 17 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT The individual proprietorship or sore proprietorship is the oldest form of business organization. It is as old as the civilization itself. The position of a minor in partnership http://www.informationbible.com/article-the-position-of-a-minor-in-partnership-50.html Wed, 17 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT A minor partner is a partner who is not major (not completed 18 years). A minor cannot enter into a contract according to Section 20 of Partnership Act. A contract with minor is void. Khuda ke liye http://www.informationbible.com/article-khuda-ke-liye-4.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT The movie revolves around a Pakistani young man (Shaan) who goes to the United States of America for higher education. Tv shows an exclusive way to enjoy and relax in this busy life of stress and boredom http://www.informationbible.com/article-tv-shows-an-exclusive-way-to-enjoy-and-relax-in-this-busy-life-of-stress-and-boredom-5.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT TV shows are greatly in demand today by almost everyone but definitely priority wise. Pakistan idol http://www.informationbible.com/article-pakistan-idol-7.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT KARACHI: ‘Pakistan Idol’ program for the music-lover youths kicked off here from the Geo platform, aims at hunting out the talented youths from all across the world. 10 most overlooked tax deductions http://www.informationbible.com/article-10-most-overlooked-tax-deductions-9.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Business is an economic activity. It relates to all those activities which are related to the production and distribution of goods and services for earning of profit. Aida http://www.informationbible.com/article-aida-10.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT AIDA stands for attention, interest, desire, arid action. A sales letter performing these functions is able to create desired results and effects. Balance of payment http://www.informationbible.com/article-balance-of-payment-11.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Balance of Payment - Balance of payment refers to the net results that are drawn after recording all the visible and invisible items that are imported and exported from the country. Balance of trade http://www.informationbible.com/article-balance-of-trade-12.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Balance of Trade - Balance of Trade we mean the difference between what a country pays for imports and what it receives for its exports. Barter system http://www.informationbible.com/article-barter-system-13.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Barter System - Barter System is that system in which goods are exchanged for goods - Barter System Business organization nature and scope http://www.informationbible.com/article-business-organization-nature-and-scope-14.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Business organization is composed of two words, business and organization. In order to understand the nature of business organization, it is necessary that the meaning of these two words is made clear to the readers. Defamation http://www.informationbible.com/article-defamation-15.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Defamation - Defamation refers to the unconsented and unprivileged publications of a false idea which tends to injure reputation - Defamation Factor companies lending institutions http://www.informationbible.com/article-factor-companies-lending-institutions-16.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT factor companies offers a greater facility to business firms. Factor companies purchases accounts receivables from them without the above condition. Fiscal policy http://www.informationbible.com/article-fiscal-policy-17.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Fiscal Policy - Fiscal Policy is an additional method to determine public revenue and public expenditure - Fiscal Policy Importance of business in the present day world http://www.informationbible.com/article-importance-of-business-in-the-present-day-world-18.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT The importance of business is that it provides products or services to customers. Main responsibility of business http://www.informationbible.com/article-main-responsibility-of-business-19.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT The main responsibilities of business to society are given in brief as under: To the shareholders, To the Employees, To the Suppliers of Inputs, To the Customers, To the Government and the Neighborhood. Memorandum of association http://www.informationbible.com/article-memorandum-of-association-20.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Memorandum Of Association - Memorandum Of Association is a document which sets out the constitution of the company and as such, is really the foundation on which the structure of the company rests. Monetary standards http://www.informationbible.com/article-monetary-standards-21.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Monetary Standards - Monetary Standard may consists of Monometallism, Bi-Metallism, Paper Standard, Exchange Standard Objectives of business http://www.informationbible.com/article-objectives-of-business-23.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Objectives of Business means the purpose for which the business is established. It is generally believed that the main objective of business is ta make profit and avoid loss. One man control is best in the world http://www.informationbible.com/article-one-man-control-is-best-in-the-world-24.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT One man control or one man business (also called sole proprietorship) is the simplest form of business organization. Problems before establishing a new business http://www.informationbible.com/article-problems-before-establishing-a-new-business-25.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT By establishing a business means to start a new business. Before the industrial revolution, the goods were generally produced for local markets, If was, therefore, easy to establish and operate the business. Stock exchange http://www.informationbible.com/article-stock-exchange-27.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT A stock exchange, share market or bourse is a corporation or mutual organization which provides facilities for stock brokers and traders, to trade company stocks and other securities. Debt settlement the fastest way to become debt free http://www.informationbible.com/article-debt-settlement-the-fastest-way-to-become-debt-free-29.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT ving trouble paying your bills? Getting dunning notices from creditors? US FINANCIAL FREEDOM offers debt settlement programs which can successfully settle your credit card debts. Deficit financing http://www.informationbible.com/article-deficit-financing-30.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Deficit Financing - Deficit Financing means the excess of government expenditure over its normal receipts raised by taxes, fees, and other sources - Deficit Financing Functions of money http://www.informationbible.com/article-functions-of-money-31.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Functions of Money - Functions of Money as a Medium of Exchange, Measure of Value, Deferred Payment, Store of Value - Functions of Money Investment banks http://www.informationbible.com/article-investment-banks-32.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Investment Banks - perform a major role in the very important function of raising long-term capital for corporations Lending institutions http://www.informationbible.com/article-lending-institutions-33.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Lending institutions advance loans and other financial services. Letter of credit http://www.informationbible.com/article-letter-of-credit-34.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Letter of Credit - Letter of Credit is a letter of open request by a bank or other financial institution to a prospective borrower, for an agreed amount and for a definite or indefinite period. Merchant banks http://www.informationbible.com/article-merchant-banks-35.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Merchant Banks - Merchant Banks (Bankers) term is very widely used in Europe and refers to their origin as mercantile houses specializing in the export of British products. Sales finance companies lending institutions http://www.informationbible.com/article-sales-finance-companies-lending-institutions-36.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Sales finance companies deal in buying these contracts. Sales finance companies have flourished the installment sales business. Kinds of partners http://www.informationbible.com/article-kinds-of-partners-38.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT The partners of a firm are broadly divided into three main categories. General Partners, Special Partners and Other Partners. Merits and demerits of partnership form of organization http://www.informationbible.com/article-merits-and-demerits-of-partnership-form-of-organization-39.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT Partnership is an association of two or more individuals (but not more than 20) who agree to share the profits of a lawful business which is managed and carried on either by all or by any, or some of them acting for all. Mutual duties rights and liabilities of partners in the absence of partnership agreement http://www.informationbible.com/article-mutual-duties-rights-and-liabilities-of-partners-in-the-absence-of-partnership-agreement-40.html Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT The duties, rights and liabilities of partners in the conduct and management of the affairs of the partnership are contained in its partnership deed. Helpful tips to draw the crowd with your vinyl banners http://www.informationbible.com/article-helpful-tips-to-draw-the-crowd-with-your-vinyl-banners-2.html Mon, 15 Mar 2010 13:00:00 GMT The idea behind outdoor advertising is to draw your prospective clients in. One of the most accepted outdoor marketing materials is vinyl banners.