http://www.informationbible.com/profile-34604/jack-donald N/A http://www.informationbible.com/article-islamic-law-209710.html Mon, 11 Jun 2012 13:00:00 GMT Despite the increasing political differences and the cultural diversity found within the expanded borders of Islam, there remained a commonality based on Islamic law. http://www.informationbible.com/article-the-revelation-of-islam-209704.html Mon, 11 Jun 2012 13:00:00 GMT The beginning of Islam can be dated from 610 A.D. when Muhammad experienced the first of a series of revelations that later became the basis for the Quran, the holy scriptures of Islam. http://www.informationbible.com/article-popular-islam-209725.html Mon, 11 Jun 2012 13:00:00 GMT Just because indigenous converts to Islam in Southeast Asia adapted Islam to their culture and their previous belief system does not mean that Islam had a very small impact on their lives, their social system, and their behavior. http://www.informationbible.com/article-islam-under-colonial-rule-209748.html Mon, 11 Jun 2012 13:00:00 GMT Both Portugal and Spain had experienced more than seven centuries of Arab Islamic rule that finally came to an end in 1492 with the Christian conquest of Granada. http://www.informationbible.com/article-sharia-commercial-and-criminal-law-209713.html Mon, 11 Jun 2012 13:00:00 GMT The desert Arabs lived primarily from the proceeds of commerce and the operations of the camel caravans that traversed wide swaths of the Arabian desert to link the great civilizations of Asia with populous regions of the Mediterranean and Europe http://www.informationbible.com/article-medieval-synthesis-209718.html Mon, 11 Jun 2012 13:00:00 GMT When the first Islamic empires began to be formed, the caliphs discovered the difficulty and cost of attempting to apply Sharia law in matters of public law... http://www.informationbible.com/article-content-of-islamic-law-209711.html Mon, 11 Jun 2012 13:00:00 GMT At the center of the Sharia are the set of religious rituals and duties for Muslims that assert and reinforce their recognition of the omnipotence of God and their obligations to shape their actions to submit to God’s will. http://www.informationbible.com/article-islamic-pattern-of-governance-209716.html Mon, 11 Jun 2012 13:00:00 GMT For the purposes of this study, the more important aspects of Sharia law are in the areas of public law governing the operation of the state... http://www.informationbible.com/article-islam-comes-to-southeast-asia-209722.html Mon, 11 Jun 2012 13:00:00 GMT During the fourteenth century, the demand in Europe for spices and Chinese luxury goods expanded rapidly. http://www.informationbible.com/article-islams-southeast-asian-synthesis-209723.html Mon, 11 Jun 2012 13:00:00 GMT The version of Islam that came to Southeast Asia was Sunni, and the established system of juridical interpretation was Shafi’i. http://www.informationbible.com/article-the-succession-of-islam-209707.html Mon, 11 Jun 2012 13:00:00 GMT At the time of Muhammad’s death in 632 A.D., the Islamic community was overwhelmed by grief and anxiety over the future. http://www.informationbible.com/article-adat-law-and-the-malay-worldview-209720.html Mon, 11 Jun 2012 13:00:00 GMT The pre-Islamic Malay and Indonesian world developed a system of law based on custom and traditions that had emerged over centuries into a fairly fixed system of laws, legal principles, and procedures. http://www.informationbible.com/article-requirements-of-budgetary-control-184325.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT A good system of budgetary control require that the subordinates should send a report on the performance without delay and the managers on their part should analyze the report and take necessary action immediately. http://www.informationbible.com/article-training-and-development-184231.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Distinction Between Training And Development Trainng 1. It is the process of learning basic skills and knowledge. http://www.informationbible.com/article-leadership-styles-184167.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Leadership style refers to a leader’s behavior. Behavior pattern which the leader reflects in this role and a leader s often described as the style of leadership Its the result of the philosophy personality and experience of the leader. http://www.informationbible.com/article-benefits-of-staff-authority-184082.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The necessity of having the advice of well-qualified specialists in various areas of an organization’s operations can scarcely be overestimated, especially as operations become more complex. http://www.informationbible.com/article-why-group-formed-184001.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT individuals have a number of needs, most of which are satisfied when interacting with others Groups from because they sustain and satisfy these needs. There is no single reason why individuals join groups. http://www.informationbible.com/article-group-control-184011.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Once a group addresses specific task goals, a pattern of behaviour begins to emerge. The pattern becomes a regular feature of the group dynamics and is called a control, which is an “attitude, opinion, feeling or action shared by two or more people that guides their behaviour”. http://www.informationbible.com/article-qualities-of-a-good-leader-184178.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Although a successful manager is also a good leader, every manager is not able to provide the kind of leadership desired by the subordinates. http://www.informationbible.com/article-recruitment-and-selection-184227.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Recruitment is the development of a pool of applicants for a job. After the vacancies to be filled up are identified, the process of recruitment starts. http://www.informationbible.com/article-authority-184034.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Now we consider another essential question: What kind of authority do we find in an organizational structure? The question has to do with the nature of authority relationships the problem of line and staff. http://www.informationbible.com/article-functions-of-groups-184030.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT These functions relate to the attainment of the basic mission of the organisation. http://www.informationbible.com/article-characteristics-of-a-successful-group-183994.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Douglas McGregor. a pioneer in the study of groups, drew up a list of characteristics of a successful and creative group. http://www.informationbible.com/article-why-groups-fail-184021.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Group building does not necessarily progress smoothly through, such a sequence, culminating in a well-oiled group and superb performance. Some groups never do work aut. http://www.informationbible.com/article-essentials-of-a-good-control-system-184362.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The nature and need of the activity will help in determining a good system of control. Controls in a production department will be different form those used in marketing departments. http://www.informationbible.com/article-importance-controlling-management-184267.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Control is an important function of management as it smoothes the working of an organization. Without control, a manager cannot do his job. http://www.informationbible.com/article-controlling-definition-184263.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Ensuring creativity, enhancing quality, reducing costs managers must figure out ways to control what occurs in their organizations. http://www.informationbible.com/article-leadership-style-in-pakistan-184169.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Despite changes in the value-system and exposure to management education, the authoritarian style of leadership is still in practice in Pakistan, like any other developing Asian country. http://www.informationbible.com/article-how-groups-work-184018.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT After all is said and done about categorizing groups, one basic question remains. It is the question that determines the ultimate value of the group http://www.informationbible.com/article-definition-of-authority-184040.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Before concentrating on the authority in organization, it will be useful to distinguish between authority and power. Power is a much broader concept. It is the ability of individuals or group to influence the action of other persons or groups. http://www.informationbible.com/article-development-of-work-groups-184004.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Task groups or committee go through various stages of development. Initially a group while searching for an identity and a direction. http://www.informationbible.com/article-ranks-of-group-members-184008.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Status is the rank, respect or social position that an individual has in a group. The members of groups assume positions of importance. http://www.informationbible.com/article-characteristics-of-authority-184045.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Authority is vested in organizational positions, not people. Managers have authority because of the positions they hold and other people in the same positions would have the same authority. http://www.informationbible.com/article-sources-of-authority-184051.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The place from which an authority originates is called the source of authority. There are mainly three schools of thought regarding the source of authority: http://www.informationbible.com/article-centralization-of-authority-184056.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Centralization of performance pertains to the concentration, such as illustrated by a company operating in a single location. http://www.informationbible.com/article-art-of-delegation-184103.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Most failures in effective delegation occur not because managers do not understand the nature and principles of delegation but because they are unable or unwilling to apply them. http://www.informationbible.com/article-decentralization-of-authority-184063.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Organization authority is merely the discretion conferred on people to use their judgment to make decisions and issue instructions. http://www.informationbible.com/article-line-authority-184073.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Line authority, the basic authority in an organization, is the ultimate authority to command,, act, decide, approve or disapprove, directly or indirectly all the activities of the organization. http://www.informationbible.com/article-staff-authority-184080.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Authority whose scope is limited, by the absence of the right to direct or commands, to such auxiliary and facilitating activities as planning, recommending, advising or assisting.” http://www.informationbible.com/article-limitations-of-staff-authority-184086.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Although staff relationships are usually necessary to an enterprise and can do much to make it successful, the nature of staff authority and the difficulty of understanding it lead to certain problems in practice. http://www.informationbible.com/article-functional-authority-184091.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The process of departmentalization, which Occurs as a differentiation of functions, can take place with all three types of delegated authority line, staff, and functional. http://www.informationbible.com/article-positional-authority-184094.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The most common type is positional authority, in which duties, tasks and responsibilities are associated with defined positions and delegated to the position holder. http://www.informationbible.com/article-authority-of-knowledge-184098.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The authority of knowledge belongs not only to professionals or technical specialists, but also in a sense to every member of the organization. http://www.informationbible.com/article-factors-determining-the-degree-of-decentralization-of-authority-184109.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Managers cannot ordinarily be for or against decentralization or, centralization of authority. They may prefer to delegate authority, or they may like to make all the decisions. http://www.informationbible.com/article-power-in-management-184119.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Power is a much broader concept. It is the ability of individuals or groups to induce or influence the beliefs or actions of other persons or groups. http://www.informationbible.com/article-responsibility-definition-184124.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Responsibility means obligation to perform a task. It refers to the mental and physical activities which should be performed to carry out a task. It originates from the superior- subordinate relationship and cannot be delegated or transferred. http://www.informationbible.com/article-accountability-defined-184128.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Accountability is the obligation to perform responsibility and exercise authority in terms of the performance standards established by the superior. http://www.informationbible.com/article-limits-of-authority-184133.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT A simple look at the organization structure is sufficient to point out that the top management headed by the board of directors and the chief executive enjoys wider authority. http://www.informationbible.com/article-leadership-definition-184145.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT People get excited about the topic of leadership. They want to know: What makes a great leader? Executives at all levels in all industries are interested in this question. http://www.informationbible.com/article-characteristics-of-leadership-184150.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT It is a personal quality of character and behavior in man which enables him to exert internal personal influence. http://www.informationbible.com/article-importance-of-leadership-184153.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Leadership is a process of influence on a group. Thus effective leadership is highly essential in inspiring the people for accomplishing specified objectives. http://www.informationbible.com/article-power-and-leadership-184157.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Central to effective leadership is power, the ability to influence people. In organizations, this often means the ability to get things done or accomplish one’s goals despite resistance from others. http://www.informationbible.com/article-manager-and-leader-184164.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Doing things right. Efficient in climbing success ladder Works well in peacetime. http://www.informationbible.com/article-leadership-theories-184186.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The researches carried out by n4any behavioral scientists to find out what makes a leader effective have resulted in various theories or approaches on leadership. http://www.informationbible.com/article-dimensional-theory-of-leadership-184188.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Leadership requires getting the job done. Task performance behaviors are the leader’s efforts to ensure that the work unit or organization reaches its goals. http://www.informationbible.com/article-benevolent-autocracy-leadership-184190.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Benevolent autocracy is a nice term for describing an all--powerful ruler who listens considerately to employees opinions and then makes a personal decision. http://www.informationbible.com/article-the-continuum-theory-leadership-184191.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The continuum theory is closely related to the benevolent-autocrat theory. It suggests that the types of leadership attitudes toward subordinates may be accurately charted along a continuum. At one end of the system would be the total authoritarian. http://www.informationbible.com/article-ohio-state-studies-leadership-184194.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The Ohio State studies, a famous research program were being conducted at the University of Michigan was studying the impact of the same leader behaviors on groups’ job performance. http://www.informationbible.com/article-grid-theory-of-leadership-184197.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The best-Known leadership training model to follow this style is Blake and Mouton’s leadership Grid. In grid training, managers are rated on their performance-oriented behavior (called concern for production) and maintenance-oriented behavior (concern for people). http://www.informationbible.com/article-group-dynamics-theory-184199.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The group dynamics studies of Dorwin Cartwright and Alvin Zander were based on the findings of numerous studies at the Research Center for Group Dynamics. http://www.informationbible.com/article-likerts-four-systems-theory-of-leadership-184200.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Professor Rensis Likert and his associates at the University of Michigan have studied the patterns and styles of leaders and managers. http://www.informationbible.com/article-immaturity-to-maturity-theory-184206.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT After studying business organizations to determine the effect management practices have on individual behavior and personal growth, Chris Argyris concluded that the... http://www.informationbible.com/article-situational-theories-leadership-184209.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT As disillusionment with the great man and attention turned to the study of situations and the belief that leaders are the product of given situations. A large number of studies have been made on the premise that leadership is strongly affected by the situation from which... http://www.informationbible.com/article-orientation-and-training-184229.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Orientation involves the introduction of new employees to the enterprise its functions, tasks and people. Large firms usually have a formal orientation program, which explains these features of the company http://www.informationbible.com/article-personnel-management-184214.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Human resources management (HRM), historically known as personnel management, deals with formal system for the management of people within the organization. http://www.informationbible.com/article-features-of-personnel-management-184218.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The analysis of various definitions shows the following features of personnel management: http://www.informationbible.com/article-objectives-of-personnel-management-184219.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The basic goal of personnel management is to drive the best out of the people thorough their wholehearted cooperation. In the light of this emerging trend, let’s examine the following major objectives of personnel management. http://www.informationbible.com/article-functions-of-personnel-management-184220.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The functions of personnel management can be broadly classified into two categories, they are managerial and operative. http://www.informationbible.com/article-determination-of-needs-in-staffing-activities-184226.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The determination of needs is very often overlooked by those who are embarking on the staffing opportunity. Several workable approaches to the evaluation of jobs have been presented, but most of them are waiting for a serious manager... http://www.informationbible.com/article-personnel-manager-184234.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT A personnel manager is one of the many specialists in the organization. He plays a unique role in the success of an organization. Some of these roles are: http://www.informationbible.com/article-qualities-of-a-personnel-manager-184237.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The personnel manager is an important functionary of an organization. The function of the personnel manager varies, both in nature or and degree depending upon the size, the location and the nature of the concern. http://www.informationbible.com/article-qualifications-of-personnel-manager-184239.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Although the qualifications prescribed for the post of personnel manager vary from organization to organization, however, the following qualifications are generally necessary: http://www.informationbible.com/article-effective-managerial-controls-184288.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Control is the process of directing a set of variables towards predetermined objectives. It is necessary to minimize variability and unpredictability in the use of means and accomplishment of ends. http://www.informationbible.com/article-control-process-steps-184290.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Control systems are designed to measure progress toward planned performance and, if necessary, to apply corrective measures to ensure that performance is in line with managers objectives. http://www.informationbible.com/article-phases-of-control-in-management-184294.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The three phases of control are preliminary control, concurrent control and correction of deviations control. Preliminary control sets antecedents that dictate how people should behave. http://www.informationbible.com/article-types-of-controls-in-management-184300.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT There are many system designed to assist in controlling functions. Some are simple, some are complex but all seek to isolate those steps that will eliminate surprises. Following types of control are mentioned by Fulmer. http://www.informationbible.com/article-budgetary-control-devices-184309.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Budgeting is the process of preparing budgets whereas budgetary control is a device or technique of managerial control through budgets. http://www.informationbible.com/article-characteristics-of-budgetary-control-184313.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT To plan various activities of each department of the organization. http://www.informationbible.com/article-objectives-of-budgetary-control-184315.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The main objectives of a budgetary control system may be summarized as follows: I. To plan for the efficient and smooth running of the business. http://www.informationbible.com/article-benefits-of-budgetary-control-184318.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT It provides the management with an overall view of the activities of the organization. http://www.informationbible.com/article-limitations-of-budgetary-control-184322.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Although budget is widely used as a tool of planning and control, it is not a fool proof tool as it has the following limitations: http://www.informationbible.com/article-types-of-budgets-in-management-accounting-184333.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The most basic of these budgets is the sales budget, which is a formal and detailed expression of the sales forecast. Just as the sales forecast is the cornerstone of planning, so is the sales budget the foundation of budgetary control. http://www.informationbible.com/article-non-budgetary-control-devices-184341.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT In business organization there are also some non -budgetary control devices are as follows: 1. Cost Control 2. Statistical Data 3. Special Reports And Analyses 4. Operational Audit 5. Personal Observation 6. Financial Ratio Analysis 7. PERT And CPM http://www.informationbible.com/article-management-control-184347.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Control stresses the variety of approaches that managers follow to make results conform to plans. At the basis of control is the fact that the outcome of plans is dependent on the people who carry them out. http://www.informationbible.com/article-direct-control-management-184355.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT The normal procedure is to trace the cause of an unsatisfactory result back to the person responsible for it and get them to correct their practices. This is called the “Direct control”. http://www.informationbible.com/article-indirect-control-management-184360.html Tue, 03 Apr 2012 13:00:00 GMT Some of the factors that management needs to control are open-and -shut cases. Factors that need controlling just as much are far less tangible and much harder to put the managerial finger on.